英语中的平行结构.

高考专题英语中的平行结构连词是一种虚词，它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。从属连词用来引导名词从句和各类的状语从句。一、平行结构,即并列结构：由并列连词连接两个或两个以上对等的语言成分构成。常见的并列连词有：1、表递进关系：and,notonly…butalso…,neither…nor…,not…but…2.选择关系：or，either…or…,otherwise,whether...or3.转折对比关系:but,yet,whereas,while,still4.因果关系：so,for5.并列关系：and,when二、对连接词连接的成分要求：形式对称；功能相同（充当同样的句子成分），时态平衡。并列平行结构应该是名词和名词，副词和副词，分词和分词，不定式和不定式，动词和动词，句子和句子等的并列，而不能其中一个概念用分词结构表达，而另一个概念用不定式或从句来表达。比如下面句子就违反了平行结构的准则：Dosomenicethingsforyourparentsthattheydon'texpectlikecooking,doingthedishes,washingclothes,orcleanthefloors.做饭、刷碗、洗衣服、拖地在本句中应为并列结构作为介词like“像”的宾语，故应用相同的形式，都用动名词，所以应将clean改为cleaning。三、平行结构主要类型1.名词和名词平行结构Thepatient'ssymptomswerefever,dizziness,andheadache.病人的症状是发烧、头晕和头痛。2.形容词和形容词平行结构Earlytobedandearlytorisemakesamanhealthy,wealthyandwise.早睡早起使人健康、富有、聪明。3.副词和副词平行结构Theworkishandsomelyandskillfullydone.这项工作做得漂亮，有水平。4.分词平行结构(现在分词与现在分词/过去分词与过去分词)Theboyswererunning,shoutingandlaughing.男孩子们边跑，边喊叫着、笑着。（伴随状语）Theoldmanreturnedhome,disappointedandexhausted.5.动名词doing平行结构Henry'sworkisreadingbooksandwritingbookreviews.亨利的工作是读读书，写写书评。6.动词不定式平行结构Ontheotherhand,40%thinkthatfeesshouldbechargedbecauseyouneedmoneytopaygardenersandotherworkers,and(to)buyplantsandyoungtrees.另一方面，40%的同学认为应收门票，他们认为门票费可以作为支付园林工人及其他工作人员的工资和购买新花木的费用。and连接并列不定式第二个不定式往往省略to。7.介词短语平行结构1）Yoursemestergradeisbasednotonlyonhowwellyoudooneachtest,butalsoonhowyouparticipateinclass.2）Weoftengotothecountrysideaswellastofactories.8.谓语动词平行结构谓语形式时态要一致Hewentdowntown,boughtsomebooksandvisitedhisdaughter.9.句子的并列（并列句）Iwastired,butIfelthappy.四、需掌握的知识点1.beabouttodosthwhen+从句2.祈使句+and+句子3.whileconj.然而，而4.分辨谓语动词的并列和伴随状语5.what名词性短语的并列6.“随着”两种表达:with+复合结构/as+句子7.分辨短语和句子8.分辨定语从句和并列句9.不定式的并列10.分辨：句子+并列连词+句子、短语+句子五、And的用法综述：and是并列连词，它既能连接两个并列（平行）的结构，也能连接两个并列的分句。我们可以通过分析它在句子结构中的功能，从而巧妙的解题。（一）：and连接两个或两个以上的并列结构在形式上要一致。在不同的语境中，也可用其他并列连词or，but等。句1:Werushedbacktothepalaceandlookedforit.句2:Fathersatatthedeskandwrotesomething.句3:Ihadtolietothecompanyandpretendtobeaman.句1可转化成不定式作目的状语。Werushedbacktothepalacetolookforit.句2可转化成现在分词作伴随状语。Fathersatatthedesk,writingsomething.句3中的and连接两个不定式，后一个不定式to要省略。例1:thegoatrolledoverand____.A.diedB.deadC.dyingD.death2.Hecalledateverydoorand___peopletheexcitingnews.A.tellB.tellingC.toldD.havingtoldcalled和and为并列谓语。若将and改为逗号，择选B，现在分词作伴随状语。若是既无and也无逗号，则用不定式totell作目的状语。既是B:Hecalledateverydoor,tellingpeopletheexcitingnews.C:Hecalledateverydoortotellpeopletheexcitingnews.3.Shewenttothemarket,____everythingsheneededandtookataxihome.A.buyB.boughtC.buyingD,tobuy三个并列的谓语动词：went,boughtandtook√√√（二）：and连接并列分句，这种并列句可转换成简单句或者从句。A.并列句和简单句，状语从句的转换。Ex:Useyourheadandyouwillfindaway.简单句：Usingyourhead，youwillfindaway.从句：Ifyouuseyourhead，youwillfindaway.___andtheyboughtapicnicwiththem.A.ItbeingafinedayB.ItisafinedayC.BeingafinedayD.Itwasafineday√B.并列句and和定语从句的转换Ex:Bamboosarehollowandthismakesthemverylight.定从：Bamboosarehollow,whichmakesthemverylight.1.Sheheardaterriblenoiseand___broughtherheartintohermouth.A.whichB.itC./D.what转换：Sheheardaterriblenoise,whichbroughtherheartintohermouth.√2.Shehadtwosonsand___weredoctors.A.allofthemB.allofwhomC.bothofthemD.bothofwhom转换：Shehadtwosons,bothofwhomweredoctors.3.Thedecision___,whatistobedonenowishowtocarryitout.A.ismadeB.hasbeenmadeC.havingbeenmadeD.havingmade4.Isawalotofchildrenplayinginthegarden,mostofthem___girls.A.areB.wereC.beingD.havebeen√√√comes---coming/andleaveskeep---keeping/andyou判断下列句子的正误1.Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,itwasmorethanwecouldexpect.2.Springcomes,leavesturngreen.3.Keepontrying,you’llsucceed.4.Theygetcoaloutoftheground,changingitintoelectricityandsendittomanyplaces.5.Hehasmadeawonderfuldiscovery,whichIthinkitisofgreathelptous.It---which/it前加andchanging---change6.Theygotoffthetrain,carryingalltheircasesandtheirfather’sjacket.7.Turningdowntheradioandthebabyissleeping.8.Ihavethreecoats,noneofthemfitsme.9.Thesecretaryworkedintothenight,preparingalongspeechforthepresident.10.Astherearenearly50streetsinthecity,mostofwhichwecan’trememberclearly.√√Turning---Turnthem---which/andnonewhich---them在高考中的体现及解题思路1.Thehousebelongstomyauntbutshe＿＿hereanymore．(2006年全国卷)A．hasn’tlivedB．didn’tliveC．hadn’tlivedD．doesn’tlive解析：but前后分句的时态平衡。but连接两个并列句，第一个分句谓语动词belongs属于一般现在时态，but后的分句也用一般现在时态doesn’tlive来表达以保持时态平衡,选D。2.Theoldcouplemarriedfor40yearsandneveronce____witheachother.(2003全国卷)A.theyhadquarreled.B.theyhavequarreledC.havetheyquarreledD.hadtheyquarreled.解析：这对老夫妻已结婚40年了,他们彼此从未吵过架.本题的关键词是and,and前是句子,and后也应是句子形式，后一分句以never开头的则应倒装,C。3.Shesetoutsoonafterdark____homeanhourlater.（1994）A.arrivingB.toarriveC.havingarrivedD.andarrived分析：她天黑后回家，一个小时后到家。AC是分词A为分词一般式doing,表示与谓语同时发生；havingarrived表示先于谓语发生；toarrive表示目的。很明显先setout后arrive排除A和C而本题时态是一般过去时，所以选D.and连接两个谓语。4.___theFireDepartmentinyourcity,andyouwilllearnalotaboutfirefighting.(湖南卷)A.HavingsearchedB.TosearchC.SearchingD.Search解析：做好本题的关键是注意到句中的并列连词and，由and可知这是一个并列句，and的后面是句子，其前面也应是句子。由于句首无主语，可推断它是祈使句，所以选动词原形D。5.Itisworthconsideringwhatmakes“convenience”foodssopopular,