西方文明史复习资料

西方文明史复习资料一、人类文明的诞生一）、四大文明发源地及其各自主要贡献：1、两河流域Mesopotamia(3500BCE-):Ur乌尔,Sumer苏摩尔,Akkad阿卡德,Babylonia巴比伦贡献：楔形文字cuneiform---FirstWrittenLanguage农业：Sumer:barley大麦wasthemaincrop,butwheat,flax亚麻,dates,apples,plums李子,andgrapeswerealsogrownUr：6000人口中有2500的劳动力畜牧业Husbandry最早的白羊毛，羊（meatandmilk;butterandcheese）比牛多2、古印度AncientEgypt数3、古埃及ancientEgypt1）大规模动员劳动力来建造大工程Largescalemobilization动员oflaborsforhugeprojects.例Pyramid2）天文学和建筑学DevelopmentinAstronomyandArchitecture3）书写系统Writingsystem4）行政体系Administrationsystem4、古中国ancientChina四大发明：gunpowder、Compass、printing、Papermaking二）、犹太文明JudaicHeritage单一神论Monotheism(thebeliefinoneGod.Godisallpowerful)JudaismChristianBeliefs多神论polytheism三）、Greco-RomanHeritage1、古希腊罗马文明总结SummeryofGreco-RomanHeritage1）Philosophyandwayofthinking:Logic(CombinedwithChristianitytoinfluencethedailylifeofthewest)2）Politicalsystem3）Law4）Arts2、GreekHeritage贡献：a.Logic,philosophy,science,literature,arts,politicalthoughts,historiography,poetics,esthetics,etc.b.Handcraft,architecture,navigation,militaryarts,politicalandlegalsystems,etc.哲学Philosophy:Pre-Socrates1）爱琴海时代Aegeancivilizations•黑暗时代GreekDarkAge(1200-750BCE)•荷马时代TheHomericAge(ca.800BCE)2）古希腊时代（700-500BCE）AncientGreekCivilizations•民族报和城邦EthnosandPolis(City-state)•科林斯、斯巴达与雅典Corinth,SpartaandAthens•贵族、专制、民主Athens---Aristocracy,TyrannyandDemocracyApollo阿波罗在此时代贡献：文学和艺术Literatureandarts：Homer和Iliad伊利亚特&Odessa奥德赛戏剧Dramas:TragedyandComedy史学：Herodotus(c.484BC–c.425BCE),thefatherofHistory史学之父叮叮小文库欢迎有需要的朋友下载！！2讲述了希腊波斯战争TheHistoriestellsthestoryoftheGreco-PersianWars，Writtenabout440BCE代表人物：苏格拉底Socrates.469BC–399BC柏拉图Plato亚里士多德Aristotl•伯利克里Pericles,thepopularAtheniandemocraticleader(461-429BCE)Despotism、Patriarch、Democracy专制、元老、民主HellenicAge•ThePersianWar波斯战争•AthenianImperialism雅典帝国主义•ThePeloponnesianWar(431-404BCE)•MacedonianUnificationofGreece希腊马其顿统一3）HellenisticAge泛希腊时代•AlexandertheGreat亚历山大大帝•DiffusionofGreekculture希腊文化扩散2）RomanHeritage贡献：法律建筑a.AncientRomeb.RepublicRomec.RomanEmpire四）日耳曼文明GermanicHeritage1、CommuneSystems2、Autonomy3、CommonLaws重点•thelawofancientRomefromthetimeofthefoundingofthecityin753BCEuntilthefalloftheWesternEmpireinthe5thcenturyCE.ItremainedinuseintheEastern,orByzantine,Empireuntil1453.Asalegalsystem,RomanlawhasaffectedthedevelopmentoflawinmostofWesterncivilizationaswellasinpartsoftheEast.ItformsthebasisforthelawcodesofmostcountriesofcontinentalEuropeandderivativesystemselsewhere.代表人物：JuliusCaesarAmericancivilization例如：玛雅文明Maya第二部分：中世纪MiddleAges第一部分：奴隶制的衰落与封建制的崛起一、奴隶制的衰落FallofSlaverySystem1、罗马帝国的瓦解CollapseofRomanEmpireCE4762、基督教的兴起RiseofChristianChurchBeliefinafterlife来世3、外族人的入侵BarbarianInvasions*二、西方封建制特点FeaturesofWesternFeudalism1）领主和他们的附庸Lordsandtheirvassals2）封地和农奴Fiefandserfs叮叮小文库欢迎有需要的朋友下载！！3•东西方封建体制的差异DifferencesbetweenWesternandChineseFeudalSystems1）Lordvs.State2）遗产继承和社会地位的变动Heredityvs.SocialMobility注：Feudalismwastheexpressionofasocietyinwhicheverymanwasboundtoeveryotherbymutualtiesofloyaltyandservice.长子继承制PrimogenitureThefirstbornsoninheritedtheentiretyofaparent'swealth,estate,titleoroffice.Intheabsenceofchildren,inheritancepassedtothecollateralrelatives,inorderofseniorityofthecollateralline.三、FeudalismandNewTechnologies1）军事：来自中国Military:FromChina,Stirrup2）生产力的发展Increaseproductivity3）家庭成为主要的生产组织Householdbecomesthemajorunitofproduction四、DeclineofFeudalism1、人口大减DepopulationofEurope1）战争Wars:(suchascrusades十字军东征1095---1272)2）黑死病1347-1350BlackDeath:onethirdtohalfofthepopulationdied.3）人口减少对其影响Theimpactofdepopulationonthefeudalism.第二部分：资本主义的兴起EmergenceofCapitalism一、文艺复兴TheItalianRenaissance1、简介：TheRenaissancewasaculturalmovementthatprofoundlyaffectedEuropeanintellectuallifeintheearlymodernperiod.BeginninginItaly,andspreadingtotherestofEuropebythe16thcentury,itsinfluenceaffectedliterature,philosophy,art,politics,science,religion,andotheraspectsofintellectualenquiry.2、背景：Backgrounds:•意大利的地理位置GeographicalpositionsofItaly•与东方的商业往来CommercialexchangeswiththeOrient•财富的积累AccumulationofWealth•CityStates城邦:Venice,Florence,Milan,NaplesandPapalStates2、特点FeaturesofRenaissance:Humanism1)重视个人成就EmphasisonIndividualAchievements2)重视现世，而不是来世Emphasisonthislife,notafterlife3)重视在多方面的成绩Emphasisoncomprehensiveaccomplishmentsinarts,literature,science,politicsandeverything.3、核心思想：人文主义思想Humanismhumanistsassertedthegeniusofman...theuniqueandextraordinaryabilityofthehumanmindHumanismwasnotaphilosophyperse本身、本质上,butratheramethodoflearning.Incontrasttothemedieval中世纪scholasticmode方式,whichfocusedonresolving解决contradictions矛盾betweenauthors,humanistswouldstudyancienttextsintheoriginal,andappraise估计、评价themthroughacombinationofreasoning推理andempiricalevidence实验数据.二、意大利文艺复兴的贡献AchievementsofItalianRenaissance1、在艺术：Inarts:达芬奇LeonardodaVinci,《MonaLisa》《TheLastSupper》叮叮小文库欢迎有需要的朋友下载！！4米开朗琪罗Michelangelo,，《David》Raphael,LeonardodaVinci,SandroBotticelli,andMichelangeloBuonarroti.2、在文学InLiterature:Dante,Petrarch,Bocaccio3、在科学Inscience:DaVinci4、在政治Inpolitics:Machiavelli:ThePrince三：民族国家的兴起EmergenceofNationStates一）背景：贸易和市场的扩张Tradesandexpandingmarkets•国家意识SenseofNation•国家对教会Statevs.Church•AbsoluteM