英美文学名词解释总结

Romance:Anyimaginationliteraturethatissetinanidealizedworldandthatdealswithaheroicadventuresandbattlesbetweengoodcharactersandvillainsormonsters.传奇故事：指以理想化的世界为背景并且描写主人公的英雄冒险事迹和善与恶的斗争的想象文学作品。Alliteration:Therepetitionoftheinitialconsonantsoundsinpoetry.头韵：诗歌中单词开头读音的重复。Couplet:Itisapairofrhymingverselines,usuallyofthesamelength;oneofthemostwidelyusedverse-formsinEuropeanpoetry.ChaucerestablishedtheuseofcoupletsinEnglish,notablyintheCanterburyTales,usingrhymingiambicpentameterslaterknownasheroiccoupletsBlankverse:Versewritteninunrhymediambicpentameter.素体诗：用五音步抑扬格写的无韵诗。Conceit:Akindofmetaphorthatmakesacomparisonbetweentwostartlinglydifferentthings.Aconceitmaybeabriefmetaphor,butitusuallyprovidestheframeworkforanentirepoem.Anespeciallyunusualandintellectualkindofconceitisthemetaphysicalconceit.新奇的比喻：将两种截然不同的食物进行对比的一种隐喻。它虽被视为是一种隐喻，但是它往往构建了整首诗的框架，最为奇特的应属玄学诗里面的。Dramaticmonologue:Akindofnarrativepoeminwhichonecharacterspeakstooneormorelistenerswhoserepliesarenotgiveninthepoem.Theoccasionisusuallyacrucialoneinthespeaker’spersonalityaswellastheincidentthatisthesubjectofthepoem.戏剧独白：在一种叙事诗里面，一个人物对其他的人物讲话但并没有交代他们的回答，这种场合往往对反映说话人的性格特征和诗歌的主题是至关重要的。Epic:Alongnarrativepoemtellingaboutthedeedsofagreatheroandreflectingthevaluesofthesocietyfromwhichitoriginated.Manyepicsweredrawnfromanoraltraditionandweretransmittedbysongandrecitationbeforetheywerewrittendown.史诗：讲述英雄事迹并反映出这些英雄事迹的社会价值观的长篇叙事诗。在成为之前，很多史诗都来自于口头传统并通过歌唱和背诵流传。FreeVerse:Versethathaseithernometricalpatternoranirregularpattern.自由诗：按照语言的抑扬顿挫和意象模式，而不是按照固定韵律写出的诗。它的韵律建立在音素、语词、短语、句子和段落等形式的基础上，而不是建立在音步传统格律单位上。因此，自由诗消除了很多不自然的成分和诗体表现的某些审美差距。20世纪初，在英国诗法中自由诗已经流行。Iamb:ItisthemostcommonlyusedfootinEnglishpoetry,inwhichanunstressedsyllablecomesfirst,followedbyastressedsyllable.抑扬格：在英语诗歌中使用最广泛的一种音步，抑扬格往往是一个非重度音节后跟一个重度音节。Irony:Acontrastoranincongruitybetweenwhatisstatedandwhatisreallymeant,orbetweenwhatisexpectedtohappenandwhatactuallyhappens.反讽：反讽指所叙述的事情和真正的所指之间或期待发生的事情和实际发生的事情之间的对比或不一致Lyric:Apoem,usuallyashortone,thatexpressesaspeaker’spersonalthoughtsorfeelings.Theelegy,ode,andsonnetareallformsofthelyric.抒情诗：一种比较短小的用来表达作者个人思想或感情的诗。挽歌、颂歌、和十四行诗都是抒情诗。Metaphor:Afigureofspeechthatmakesacomparisonbetweentwothingsthatarebasicallydissimilar.Unlikesimile,ametaphordoesnotuseaconnectivewordsuchaslike,as,orresemblesinmakingthecomparison.隐喻：在修辞中把两种不同的食物进行对比的一种方法，与明喻不同，隐喻不会使用像“like”、“as”、或“resemble”这样的词。Ode:Acomplexandoftenlengthylyricpoem,writteninadignifiedformalstyleonsomeloftyorserioussubject.Odesareoftenwrittenforaspecialoccasion,tohonorapersonoraseasonortocommemorateanevent.颂诗：一种风格优雅、诗节复杂且通常篇幅较长的抒情诗，以崇高或严肃的事物为主题。颂诗通常都是为某个特殊的场合而作，为了赞美某个人或事物，或某个季节或纪念某个事件。Quatrain:Usuallyastanzaorpoemoffourlines.Aquatrainmayalsobeanygroupoffourlinesunifiedbyarhymescheme.Quatrainsusuallyfollowanabab,abba,orabcbrhymescheme.四行诗：四行诗通常是四行成段的诗或诗节。四行诗通常是通过押韵组合成的四行诗节的诗，亚运形式一般为abab,abba,或abcb。Satire:Akindofwritingthatholdsuptoridiculeorcontempttheweaknessesandwrongdoingsofindividuals,groups,institutions,orhumanityingeneral.Theaimofsatiristsistosetamoralstandardforsociety,andtheyattempttopersuadethereadertoseetheirpointofviewthroughtheforceoflaughter.以取笑或蔑视某个个人、团体、组织、或全人类的弱点或错误行为的一种文学作品。批评的目的是为了为社会树立一种道德标准，他们也是为了劝读者通过笑声理解他们的观点Soliloquy:Indrama,anextendedspeechdeliveredbyacharacteraloneonstage.Thecharacterrevealshisorherinnermostthoughtsandfeelingsdirectlytotheaudience,asifthinkingaloud.独白：独白是戏剧中一个人物单独做的台词，这个人物通过他或她直接跟观众说话来表白自己的心声，就好像是自己在大声的思考。Enlightenment:Withtheadventofthe18thcentury,inEngland,asinotherEuropeancountries,theresprangintolifeapublicmovementknownastheEnlightenment.TheEnlightenmentonthewhole,wasanexpressionofstruggleofthethenprogressiveclassofbourgeoisagainstfeudalism.Thesocialinequality,stagnation,prejudicesandothersurvivalsoffeudalism.Theyattemptedtoplaceallbranchesofscienceattheserviceofmankindbyconnectingthemwiththeactualdeedsandrequirementsofthepeople.启蒙主义：启蒙主义是在18世纪在英国发生的。总体上，启蒙主义是当时的资产阶级对封建主义，社会的不平等、死寂、偏见和其他的封建残余的一种反对。通过将科学的各个分支与人民的日常生活和需要联系起来，启蒙主义者们努力将他们变成为人民大众服务的工具Realism:Theattemptinliteratureandarttorepresentlifeasitreallyis,withoutsentimentalizingoridealizingit.Realisticwritingoftendepictstheeverydaylifeandspeechofordinarypeople.Thishasled,sometimes,toanemphasisonsordiddetails.现实主义：在文学和艺术中按照生活的本来面目去反映生活，不把它感伤化也不把它完美化，现实主义文学作品往往展现日常生活和普通大众，这就会导致了现实主义文学通常会反映社会的阴暗面。Symbolism:Symbolismisthewritingtechniqueofusingsymbols.It’saliterarymovementthataroseinFranceinthelasthalfofthe19thcenturyandthatgreatlyinfluencedmanyEnglishwriters,particularlypoets,ofthe20thcentury.Itenablespoetstocompressaverycomplexideaorsetofideasintooneimageorevenoneword.It’soneofthemostpowerfuldevicesthatpoetsemployincreation.象征主义：使用象征来写作的一种技巧。象征主义在19世纪后半页在法国兴起，对英国作家产生了很大的影响，尤其是在20世纪诗歌方面。它让诗人把非常复杂的思想浓缩成一个意象甚至一个词。它是诗人在创作中使用的最有力的手段CriticalRealism:Thecriticalrealismofthe19thcenturyflourishedinthefortiesandinthebeginningoffifties.Therealistsfirstandforemostsetthemselvesthetaskofcriticizingcapitalistsocietyfromademocraticviewpointanddelineatedthecryingcontradictionsofbourgeoisreality.Buttheydidnotfindawaytoeradicatesocialevils.批判现实主义