美国现代危机传播研究及其借鉴意义

©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.:(1953-),,,,,(,510275):,,,,:;;:G939:A:1671-394X(2004)08-0018-06,,,,,(Rosenthal):,,[1],,(CrisisManagement)(EmergencyManagement)(EmergencyRiskManagement)(DisasterRiskManagement),,,,(CrisisManagement)(CrisisCommunication)(RiskManagement)(RiskCommunication);;;,[2],???,,,3820048()JournalofGuangzhouUniversity(SocialScienceEdition)Vol.3No.8Aug.2004©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(Tylol),,,,,,,,1989,(TheExxonValdez),,,90,1991,HeckRosen2thalPijnenberg(Prevention)(Pre2paredness)(Response)(Recovery),1992,(Green),:,;,;,1993,MitroffPearson,,,,,[3]911,,,,:;;;;,[4],,,,,,(CrisisCom2munication),,,,,,,,,():,(),,918:©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.[5],,,,():,(CrisisCommunication)(CrisisManagement)(Coombs),,,[6],(InstructingCommunication),,(ACrisisSensingMechanism)(IssuesManage2ment)(RiskManagement)(Rela2tionshipManagement),,,():(PublicRelations),,,,JonathanBernstein,[7](),,(UniversityofMaryland)(JamesE.Grunig),,[8],,,,,,,,,,,,[9](P30),,,,,,,()(AirlineCrisisCommunication)02()20043©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(InternalCommunication),BenoitCzerwinski(ImageRestorationTheory)Pinsdorf(CulturalIssuesofCrisisCommunica2tion)911,ClarkF.GreerKertD.Moreland,(OnlineCommunication)[10],;,,,,,(),,,3T:Tellityourown();Tellitfast();Tellitall()JonathanBern2stein:;;;;;;;;,[11],,(ThreatGrid),(Crisis)(Problem)[12](1);,1;5;6;10,,,,,,,1(),,,,,(),,,,,[12],,,,;128:©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(),,,:(1)(CorporateApologia)[12],(),,,,,,,(2)(ImageRecoveryTheory)[13],,,,,:(Denial);(EvasionofResponsibility);(ReduceOffensiveness);(CorrectiveActions);(Mortification),AT&T,(Situation),(3),,[14]Sturges,[15],,(Internalizing),,,,(Instructing),,(Adjusting),,(Internalizing),,(4)[16](BirklandT.A.)1997,,(),,,:,;,,,,,,,(5)(ExcellenceTheory),(JamesE.Grunig)Hunt(1984),J.GrunigL.Grunig(1992),(Model):,,22()20043©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.:,,,:,,,:,,,,,SARS,,32,,,,,,SARS,,(),,,,:,,(),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,[1].[M].:,2003.[2]ReneA.Henry.Youdbetterhaveahoseifyouwanttoputoutthefire:thecompleteguidetocrisisandriskcommunica2tions:Professionnaltips,tactics,dos,dontsandcasehisto2riesWindsor[M].CA:Gollywobblerproductions,2000.[3]RobertHeath.Dealingwiththecompletecrisis-thecrisismanagementshellstructure[J].SafetyScience,1998,(30):139150.[4].[J].,2003,(5):8284.[5]Coombs,WT.Choosingtherightwords:Thedevelopmentofguidelinesfortheselectionoftheappropriatecrisisre2sponsestrategies[J].ManagementCommunicationQuarterly,1995,(8).(39)328:©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.[1].[M].:,2001.[2].[M].:,2003.[3].,2003,(4).[4][]G.[M].:,2000.[](23)[6]CoombsWT.Teachingthecrisismanagement/communica2tioncourse[J].PublicRelationsReview,2001,(27):89101.[7]JonathanBernstein.Thebiggestmistakesincrisiscommuni2cation[EB/OL].[8]JamesEGrunig.Howtomeasureyourresultsinacrisis.GuidelineForMeasuringRelationshipsInPublicRelations.TheInstituteForPublicRelationsCommisionOnPRMeasarementAndEvaluation,23.[9]().,.[M].:,1995.[10]ClarkFGreer,KurtDMoreland.UnitedAirlinesandAmericanAirlinesonlinecrisiscommunicationfollowingtheSeptember11terroristattacks[J].PublicRelationsRe2view,2003,(29):427441.[11]JonathanBernstein.Thetenstepsofcrisiscommunication[EB/OL].[12]W.TimothyCoombs.Deepandsurfacethreats:conceptualandpracticalimplicationsforcrisisvs.problem[J].PublicRelationsReview,2002,(28):339345.[13]WilliamL.Benoit.ImageRepairDiscourseandCrisisCom2munication[J].PublicRelationsReview,1997,(28/2):177186.[14]StevenFink.Crisismanagement[M].AmericanManage2mentAssociation,1986.[15]ClarkFGreer,KurtDMoreland.UnitedAirlinesandAmericanAirlinesonlinecrisiscommunicationfollowingtheSeptember11terroristattacks[J].PublicRelationsRe2view,2003,(29):427441.[16].[EB/OL].[]938:©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(GuangzhouPart2timeUniversity,Guangzhou,Guangdong510230,China)Abstract:Thepaper,bydrawingontheconceptofassimilatedlabourfromMarxisttheoryaboutlabour,expoundsthemeaning,motivation,characteristicsandhistoricaldevelopmentofassimilatedlabour;analyzesthecorrelationofassimi2latedlaborandoveralldevelopmentofhumanbeings;andputsforwardtheviewthatassimilatedlaboristhefoundationandbasisoftheoveralldevelopmentofhumanbeings.Itconcludesthattheoveralldevelopmentofhumanbeingsistheultimategoaloftheoverallprogressanddevelopme