辛亥革命前后中国的边疆危机

200112()Dec.,2001294JournalofXinjiangUniversity(SocialScienceEdition)Vol.29,No.4辛亥革命前后中国的边疆危机吴福环1,苗　健2(1.新疆大学兰州大学西北少数民族研究中心;2.新疆大学人文学院历史系,乌鲁木齐830046):辛亥革命前后20年间是中国边患问题最严峻的时期。列强对中国边疆的侵略由直接侵占演变为物色、培养民族分裂势力,策划“独立”分裂中国。满清政府、北洋政府到国民政府都采取了一些应变政策以图自救,但实效甚微。第三次边疆危机为后来留下许多边界问题。:辛亥革命前后;中国;边疆危机:K257.9:A:1000-2820(2001)04-0035-08,,,1940,,,,,,,,,197080,,,20,,,,20,,一、《马关条约》后至辛亥革命前中国边疆的普遍危机,,[1](P.674),,,,,,,35:2000-09-10:(1950-),,,,,1990,,,1895,,,[2](P.217),,,,19,,(),,18966,,:[3](P.219)9,,,,,,189711,,,,12,18983,,,,19006,7,,10,,[3](P.3),,,,,,,1902,,,,19034,,,1900,,1904,3619059,,,19071910,,,,19078,,,,,,1907-1909,[4](P.53),,,,,,,[5](P.121)19078:,,,,,[4](PP.121-123),,,,,,,,,,19099(),,(),1990,,(18811894),18932,,:,,,,,[6](P.353)1920,,,,,,1900,19071910,,,,1400,,,,,,,,37,[7](P.118),,19011869,,,(),,,19007,,(),,,,,,,,,[8](P.246),191130,[6](P.361),2,,,:,,,3,,,,,,,,,(),,,,,[2](P.267),,20,,,,190312,19045,8,9,,,190512,,,19064,,,,[9](P.173),,1908,()1894,,,,1900,,1901122000,,,,38,,,,19481,,,,196010,160二、辛亥革命时期中国边疆危机的深化19111010,,,1912[10](P.20),,,,,,,,,,,(),,19117,,,11,,12,,191211,,,,(1913)(1915),,,,1918,,,,,,,19121(),,,,,191511,,,[7](P.146)19201,,,19128,:,,[7](P.149),,9,,,1916,1739,,191111,1913,,,,,,19146:,1918170,1100060000,,(),1912,,,,191258,,,,[6](P.370),,,,19137,,,,,1500,,,,,,,1919,,,,[6](P.378)19121913,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1912624,,,,[6](P.421),,:(),,,40,(),19131,,,,,[2](P.464),191310,,,9,,20,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,19011911,,:;,,,,1912,,,,,,,();;;41[][1]社会主义与战争[A].列宁全集[M].北京:人民出版社,1972.[2]李侃,等.中国近代史(第4版)[M].北京:中华书局,1994.[3]王亮.清季外交史料[M].光绪朝,第146卷.[4]韩永久.近代中华民族维护祖国统一斗争业绩论文集[C].呼和浩特:内蒙古教育出版社,1995.[5]陈本善.间岛事情[A].日本侵略中国东北史[M].长春:吉林大学出版社,1989.[6]沙俄侵略中国西北边疆史编写组.沙俄侵略中国西北边疆史[M].北京:人民出版社,1979.[7]沙俄侵略我国蒙古地区简史[M].呼和浩特:内蒙古人民出版社,1979.[8]杨增新.补过斋文牍(甲集下)[A].新疆地方史教材编写组.新疆地方史[M].乌鲁木齐:新疆大学出版社,1993.[9]佘素.清季英国侵略西藏史[M].北京:世界知识出版社,1959.[10]中国史学会.中国近代史资料丛刊·辛亥革命(第8册)[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1957.[:]ChinasFrontierCrisisbeforetheRevolutionof1911WUFu-huan1,MIAOJian2(1.ResearchCenterforEthnicMinoritiesintheNorthwesternRegionCo-sponsoredbyXinjiangUniversityandLanzhouUniversity2.DepartmentofHistory,SchoolofLiberalArt,XinjiangUniversity,Urumqi830046)Abstract:Thetwentyyearsaroundtherevolutionof1911isthemostseriousperiodforChinasfrontierdis-turbance.ThestrongpowersinvasiontoChinasfrontierhasbeenturnedfromdirectintrusionintothechoiceandcultivationofnationalseparatistforceaswellasschemetosplitChinathroughindependence.TheMandarinQingimperialcourt,BeiyangregimeandKMTauthorityhaveadoptedsomeemergencepoli-cytostriveforself-helpbutborneverylittleresult.Thethirdfrontiercrisishasleftalotoffrontierprob-lemsforthedaystocome.KeyWords:aroundtherevolutionof1911;China;frontiercrisis42