Rhetorical-Devices

1RhetoricalDevices1.Simile明喻Afigureofspeechinwhichtwoessentiallyunlikethingsarecompared,ofteninaphraseintroducedbylikeorasEg.Howlikethewinterhathmyabsencebeen.Soareyoutomythoughtsasfoodtolife.(Shakespeare)2.Metaphor暗喻Afigureofspeechinwhichawordorphrasethatordinarilydesignatesonethingisusedtodesignateanother,thusmakinganimplicitcomparisonEg.Theworldisastage.3.Personification拟人AfigureofspeechinwhichinanimateobjectsorabstractionsareendowedwithhumanqualitiesorarerepresentedaspossessinghumanformEg.Hungersatshiveringontheroad.4.Antithesis对照，对立，对比AfigureofspeechinwhichsharplycontrastingideasarejuxtaposedinabalancedorparallelphraseorgrammaticalstructureEg.That’sonesmallstepforman;onegiantleapformankind.（NeilArmstrong,Apollo11MoonLandingSpeech）5.Pun双关Aplayonwords,sometimesondifferentsensesofthesamewordandsometimesonthesimilarsenseorsoundofdifferentwordsEg.Beinginpoliticsisjustlikeplayinggolf:youaretrappedinonebadlieafteranother.(lie:①adeliberateuntruth②thepositioninwhichsomethingrests)6.Ridicule奚落WordsintendedtoevokecontemptuouslaughteratorfeelingstowardapersonorthingEg.Suremyworthyopponentclaimsthatweshouldlowertuition,butthatisjustlaughable.7.Irony反语,讽刺TheuseofwordstoexpresssomethingdifferentfromandoftenoppositetotheirliteralmeaningAnexpressionorutterancemarkedbyadeliberatecontrastbetweenapparentandintendedmeaningEg.Itmustbedelightfultofindoneselfinaforeigncountrywithoutapennyinone'spocket.28.Sarcasm讥讽Acombineofironyandridicule,usingwittylanguagetoconveyinsultsorscornEg.Itispossibleforyourmindtobesoopenthatyourbrainfallsout.9.Hyperbole夸张AfigureofspeechinwhichexaggerationisusedforemphasisoreffectEg.Thisbookweighsaton.10.Euphemism委婉Theactoranexampleofsubstitutingamild,indirect,orvaguetermforoneconsideredharsh,blunt,oroffensiveEg.sleepwith—havesexualintercoursewith;departed—dead;relieveoneself—urinate11.Epigram警句,隽语,讽刺短诗Aconcise,clever,oftenparadoxicalstatementOr:Ashort,wittypoemexpressingasinglethoughtorobservationEg.Iamnotyoungenoughtoknoweverything.(OscarWilde)12.Allusion隐喻,典故Afigureofspeechthatmakesareferenceto,orrepresentationof,aplace,event,literarywork,myth,orworkofart,eitherdirectlyorbyimplicationEg.Asonofthemorningisatraveler;anallusiontothepracticeintheMiddleEasttorisebeforedawnsoonewouldn'thavetotravelintheheatofday.13.Litotes间接肯定AfigureofspeechconsistingofanunderstatementinwhichanaffirmativeisexpressedbynegatingitsoppositeEg.Thisisnosmallproblem.(Insteadof“thisisabigproblem”)14.Oxymoron矛盾形容法，逆喻ArhetoricalfigureinwhichincongruousorcontradictorytermsarecombinedEg.Amournfuloptimist15.Paradox似非而是的隽语AseeminglycontradictorystatementthatmaynonethelessbetrueEg.IknowthatIknownothing.(Knowingknownothingisknowingsomething,thuscannotbeknownothing.Thislogicisself-contradictory,butonecanknowthattheyknownothing.)16.Transferredepithet移就Afigureofspeechinwhichtheadjectiveoradverbistransferredfromthenounitlogicallybelongswith,toanotheronewhichfitsitgrammaticallybutnotlogicallyEg.Asleeplessnight(nightcannotbesleepless;peoplecan)317.Metonymy转喻Afigureofspeechinwhichonewordorphrase(usuallyanattributeorfeature)issubstitutedforanotherwithwhichitiscloselyassociatedEg.Theycountedheads.(headsstandsforpeople)theWhiteHousefortheUSpresident18.Synecdoche提喻Afigureofspeechinwhichapartisusedforthewhole(ashandforsailor),thewholeforapart(asthelawforpoliceofficer),thespecificforthegeneral(ascutthroatforassassin),thegeneralforthespecific(asthiefforpickpocket),orthematerialforthethingmadefromit(assteelforsword)19.Climax层进法Afigureofspeechinwhichwords,phrases,orclausesarearrangedinorderofincreasingimportance.Itissometimesusedwithanadiplosis,whichusestherepetitionofawordorphraseinsuccessiveclauses.Eg.Therearethreethingsthatwillendure:faith,hope,andlove.Butthegreatestoftheseislove.20.Anticlimax突降法Anabruptdeclension(eitherdeliberateorunintended)onthepartofaspeakerorwriterfromthedignityofideawhichheappearedtobeaimingatEg.Dieandendowacollegeoracat.21.Alliteration头韵TherepetitionofthesamesoundsorofthesamekindsofsoundsatthebeginningofwordsorinstressedsyllablesEg.Aroundtherocktheraggedrascalran.22.Syllepsis一语双叙法,兼用法,轭语法Aconstructioninwhichawordgovernstwoormoreotherwordsbutagreesinnumber,gender,orcasewithonlyone,orhasadifferentmeaningwhenappliedtoeachofthewordsEg.Helosthiscoatandhistemper.23.Zeugma轭式修饰法(一形容词或动词勉强修饰或支配两个名词)Aconstructioninwhichonewordorphraseisunderstoodtoberelatedtotwoormoreotherwordsorphrases,whilebeinggrammaticallyconsistentwithonlyoneofthemEg.Towagewarandpeace(warcanbewaged,butpeacecannot)24.Anadiplosis联珠法,顶真法RhetoricalrepetitionatthebeginningofaphraseofthewordorwordswithwhichthepreviousphraseendedEg.Heisamanofloyalty.Loyaltyalwaysfirm.425.Apostrophe呼语Thedirectaddressofanabsentorimaginarypersonorofapersonifiedabstraction,especiallyasadigressioninthecourseofaspeechorcompositionEg.ORomeo,Romeo!WhereforeartthouRomeo?(Shakespeare,RomeoandJuliet)26.Consonance辅音韵Therepetitionofconsonantsorofaconsonantpattern,especiallyattheendsofwordsEg.blankandthinkstrongandstring27.Onomatopoeia拟声Theformationofwordswhosesoundisimitativeofthesoundofthenoiseora