中国古建筑(英文)

AncientChineseArchitectureandClassicalGardensTheGreatWall•ContructionoftheGreatWalllastedformorethantwothousandyears,extendedover6700kilometers,andthelongestdefesiveengineerprojectinancienttimesintheworld•ConstructionofitstartedsevencenturyBCfromtheWarringStatesPeriod(战国时期)•Inthecenterofthepasstower,theJuyongPass,thereisamassivemarbleterracecalledtheCloudTerrace,whichwasbuildintheYuanDynasty(云台)4BadalingSecion•ConstructionofitinYanqingCounty,Beijing,startedintheMingDynasty(1368-1644),andunderwent18rebuiltfromtheHongwutotheWanlireign(1368-1620)5•Thewall,builtwithhugestoneslabsontheoutside.thecrenellatedwallhasparapets,andwatchtowersandfightingplatformsarebuiltat250-500metersintervals•ThebestpreservedsectionoftheGreatWall,locatesataveryimportantpositionandhasabeautifulsurroundingsceneryanditsstructuresshowaspecialgrandeur6YingxianWoodenPagoda•Theworld'soldestandtallestwoodenpagoda•Builtin1056,theLiaoDynasty•67.13metres•OneofthefewsurvivingexamplesofamajorSong-dynastypagoda7ConfuciusLongmenGrotteoes•ThecarvingbeganinNorthWeiDynasty,andwentonthroughEastandWestWeiDynasties,thentheDynastiesofNorthQi,Zhou,Sui,Tang,andtheFiveDynastiesPeriod,lastingforover400years•Preservedinthegrottoesareover2100cavesshrinessheltering97300statuesormore,aswellasover3600epigraphsorstalesand40Buddhiststupasorpagodas10Mid-AirTempleatMountHeng•BuiltduringtheNorthernWeiDynasty•LocatedatthecliffbetweenthepeaksofTianfenglingandtheGuipingfengoftheHengshanMountains•Ontherockfaceofasheercliff•Morethan40hallsandroomshousing78bronzeiron,coloredclayandstonestatuesMid-AirTemple(悬空寺)WutaiMountain•OneofthefourfamousBuddhistshrines,hasalonghistoryofBuddhism•Templesbegantobebuiltonthemountainin68•WithconstructiongoingonallthroughthedynastiestheTangDynasty,formingatreasure-troveofancientChinesearchitecture•Thesetemplesbelongtotheblackandtheyellowsect,representingtheHanandtheTibetanBuddhismMausoleumofEmperorQinShihuangandTerra-cottaWarriors•EmperorQin'smausoleum,thelargestofancient•Thehugeandamazingsatelliatepitofterra-cottawarriorsis1500meastofthemausoleum•Thepit'sdesignisrationalanduniquewithaweightwallevery3m,dividingthe5mdeeppitintolanesofwarriorsneatlyarrayed•Thelife-sizedpotteryarmy,thousandsinnumber,wasdeployedinpracticalbattlementformation,hidden5to7metersundegroundinthethreepitsofvariedsizedandshapes19TheAncientCityofPingyao•Havingahistoryofover2700years•Thecityfirstappearedin827-782BC,militarilyguardedbyYinJi-fu,WestZhouDynasty•ThecityhasbeenthecountyseatinallthetimessincetheProvinceandCountySystembyEmperorQinin221BC•Survivedpracticallyasitwasinthe600yearsormoresinceMingandQingDynasties,andranksastheonlyintactancientcityofMingandQingDynastieswellpreservedinChina•KnownasatreasurehouseofChineseclassicarchitectureTa'erLamasery•DrerivingitsnamefromtheGolden-roofedLamasery'ssilvertowerbuiltinmemeryofZongkaba,thefounderofHuangjiao•ThesilvertoweriscalledGunbenxianbalininTibetan,meaningaMaltreryLamamerywhere100000lionsroarataBuddhaPortrait.•LocatedintheLotusMountainValleyinthesouthwestofLusha'erTownshipinHuangzhongCounty•OneoftheculturalrelicsunderthestateprotectionMogaoGrottoesinDunhuangCity•Situated25kmsoutheastofDunhuangcity,Gansuprovince•Carvedin366,andthecarvingwentonthroughthefollowingdynastiesofNorthLiang,NorthWei,WestWei,NorthZhou,Sui,Tang,FiveDynasties,Song,WestXia,andYuan•Thereremainbynowover45000㎡muralsandmorethan2400statues,thetalleststatueexceeding30mandthelongestmuralcoveringabout50㎡•ThesestatuesandmuralsconstituteamirrorofChinainthethousandyearsfromthe4thtothe14thcentury,reflectingthesociety,production,life,transportation,archicture,art,music,dance,customs,andreligionofthepeople•Theartisticcontentofthegrottoesisexceedinglyrichasanintegratedartofarchitecture,sculptureandfresco,reflectingnotonlytheacceptanceofBuddhisminDunhuangarea,butalsothehistoryandsocietyaswellaseconomyofthearea,andprovidingavividillustrationofthelocalizationofBuddhisminChinaandthecapacityofChinesepeopleintheirabsorbingandremodelingofforeigncultures24ParagraphThreeandFourShenyangImperialPalance•Themainstructureofitwasbuiltin1625whenNurhachiwasinpower,andfinishedin1636byhissonAbahai(Huangtaiji)•Dividedintothreesections-theeasternsection,themiddlesection,thewesternsection.Eachsectionboastsofuniquecharacteristics2627ForbiddenCity•ImperialpalaceoftheMingandQingdynasties•Theconstructionofitbeganin1406duringthethirdemperoroftheMingDynasty,Yongle,andcompletedin1420.•Composedoftheouterpalace,wheretheemperorsheldofficialaudiences,andtheinnerpalace,whichservedasthelivingquartersfortheimperialfamily•IntheOuterCourt,therearethreemainhalls,whichwasbuiltona8-meter-highmarbleterracewiththreetiers•AtthebackoftheHallofPreservingHarmonythereisamarblecarvingnamedtheMarbleRampwithcloudanddragondesigns•ThesecondhallontheterraceistheHallofCompleteHarmony,asquarebuildingwithasinglepyramidroof•OnthenorthsideoftheInnerCourtistheImperialGarden.nearthenorthgateofitthereisagroupofmaderockeriescalltheHillofCollectingElegance(堆秀山)Theharmoniousassemblageofbuildingsdisplaysthebestcharacteristicsofa