您好,欢迎访问三七文档
地形平坦开阔,地层由第四系全新冲积层,第四系上更新统冲层组成,局部表覆第四系全新统人工堆积层。第四系全新统冲积层厚度约25~50m,岩性主要为黏土、粉质黏土、粉土、粉砂、细砂;第四系上更新统冲积层厚度大于50m,岩性主要为黏性土、粉土、粉细砂等。管桩深度范围内地层主要为:粉土、黏土、粉质黏土,局部表层为杂填土。couplingCentreshallbechecked,thesecondpouredconcretestrengthofmorethan70%.Intheprocessofreamingorboring,apartfromthespecialprovisionsinfactory,doesnotallowanyworkthatmayaffectthecouplingCentre,suchasirrigation,tocylinderconnectionstofloodthecondenserpipesandsoon.Wellboring,hingeboltholeflangewithcouplingofvertical,notoblique.Mountingboltsshouldbeaddedlubricants,typinggentlywithasmallhammer,nottoolooseortootight,packedtheboltswiththecorrespondingsealscrewholeshouldbemarked.6.4.5.4.2couplingreamedandpairingsisclosetothediameterofboltbearinggoodhingeholes,dressedwithagoodtwocouplingboltsbeforeyoucanmovetherotor,boring-reamingholeinturn.Couplingboltsmustbetightcouplingissymmetricaldiameter,inboring,reaming,twoboltsout.Wellboring,hingeboltholeflangewithcouplingofvertical,notoblique.Duetothecouplingboltsinaccordancewithhingeholescorrespondingtothediameterofthescrewholesonebyoneafterprocessing,processingbackboltinstallationlocationcannotbechanged,soaccordingtoboltaftertheactualweightdifferenceofnutandlockwashertomatch.Generalrequirementsforcouplingtwosymmetricaldiameterbolt,nutandlockwasher'stotalweightdifferenceshouldnotbegreaterthan10gandknocksstampedmark.(SeeFigure18)Thecouplingboltsapplylubricant,andthengentlywithcopperhome,nottoolooseortootight.BoltAssemblyisfinished,symmetricaltighteningallboltsto30%,50%,70%,100%force,andcheckthecouplingflutterandbeforeconnectingthecirclegraduallychangesitsvalueshouldbelessthan0.02mm.Tighteningtorqueofthecouplingboltsshallcomplywiththetechnicalrequirementsmanufacturersdrawings,withadynamometricwrenchorlogtensiontools.Threewheelrotorswingtestcouplingconnectionsshouldbechecked:takingleave,药物外渗—、药物外渗的概念药物外渗时指由于输液管理疏忽造成腐蚀性(非腐蚀性)的或刺激性药物(或溶液)进入了周围组织,而不是进入正常的血管通路。二、药物外渗的分类0度:无任何临床症状Ⅰ度:皮肤苍白,水肿小于2.5cm,皮肤触冷伴或不伴疼痛Ⅱ度:含第一阶段,水肿在2.5-15cmⅢ度:含第二阶段,水肿大于15cm,轻度-中度疼痛,可能伴麻木感,任何刺激性或血制品的外渗均可导致。Ⅳ度:含第三阶段,皮肤紧绷,渗漏,变色,瘀斑,或肿胀,较深的凹陷性水肿,循环受损,中度-重度疼痛;任何腐蚀性药物的外渗均可导致三、药物出现外渗的原因1.药物因素与药液的酸碱度、渗透压梯度有关。长期输入高渗性溶液,碱性对血管有刺激性的液体如甘露醇,碳酸氢钠,葡萄糖酸钙可发生血管壁增厚,内皮细胞破坏,血管内淤血,周围组织炎症及水肿等。必要时可以使用微量泵进行调节。2.物理因素与环境温度、输液量、液体温度、速度、时间、压力及输液器针头的选择有关。3.机械因素与穿刺技术不熟练,体位不当,输液速度过快,时间过长,各种穿刺的损伤是导致血管外漏的直接原因,如针尖刺破血管或针尖斜面未完全进入血管腔,针尖固定不牢,并热不合作而刺破血管,针尖滑脱血管。4.血管因素与输液局部血管的舒缩状态、静脉管壁是否发生痉挛,通透性是否增加有关。四、药液渗漏的防护1.正确选择穿刺静脉由于高渗性、刺激性强的药物,宜选择粗大静脉,由远心端向近心端选择穿刺,穿刺时避免同一部位、长时间、多次穿刺。2.减少对血管壁的损伤3.提高一次性穿刺成功率可使用血管扩张剂,如:硝酸甘油贴。血管扩张剂具有增强局部血流,并中和药物酸性作用。4.使用静脉留置针留置针对血管刺激性小,易固定,减少了穿刺的次数,同时减少了对病人浅表静脉的破坏。5.熟悉药液的性质选择合适的给药方式,适当调节室温及穿刺部位的保暖,提高注射液的温度。6.严格执行无菌操作技术加强工作责任心,经常巡视病人,尤其对意识障碍、感觉丧失、循环不良的病人更需要经常观察,不能只看有无回血来判断,一旦发生渗漏,立即更换输液部位并积极采取治疗措施。地形平坦开阔,地层由第四系全新冲积层,第四系上更新统冲层组成,局部表覆第四系全新统人工堆积层。第四系全新统冲积层厚度约25~50m,岩性主要为黏土、粉质黏土、粉土、粉砂、细砂;第四系上更新统冲积层厚度大于50m,岩性主要为黏性土、粉土、粉细砂等。管桩深度范围内地层主要为:粉土、黏土、粉质黏土,局部表层为杂填土。couplingCentreshallbechecked,thesecondpouredconcretestrengthofmorethan70%.Intheprocessofreamingorboring,apartfromthespecialprovisionsinfactory,doesnotallowanyworkthatmayaffectthecouplingCentre,suchasirrigation,tocylinderconnectionstofloodthecondenserpipesandsoon.Wellboring,hingeboltholeflangewithcouplingofvertical,notoblique.Mountingboltsshouldbeaddedlubricants,typinggentlywithasmallhammer,nottoolooseortootight,packedtheboltswiththecorrespondingsealscrewholeshouldbemarked.6.4.5.4.2couplingreamedandpairingsisclosetothediameterofboltbearinggoodhingeholes,dressedwithagoodtwocouplingboltsbeforeyoucanmovetherotor,boring-reamingholeinturn.Couplingboltsmustbetightcouplingissymmetricaldiameter,inboring,reaming,twoboltsout.Wellboring,hingeboltholeflangewithcouplingofvertical,notoblique.Duetothecouplingboltsinaccordancewithhingeholescorrespondingtothediameterofthescrewholesonebyoneafterprocessing,processingbackboltinstallationlocationcannotbechanged,soaccordingtoboltaftertheactualweightdifferenceofnutandlockwashertomatch.Generalrequirementsforcouplingtwosymmetricaldiameterbolt,nutandlockwasher'stotalweightdifferenceshouldnotbegreaterthan10gandknocksstampedmark.(SeeFigure18)Thecouplingboltsapplylubricant,andthengentlywithcopperhome,nottoolooseortootight.BoltAssemblyisfinished,symmetricaltighteningallboltsto30%,50%,70%,100%force,andcheckthecouplingflutterandbeforeconnectingthecirclegraduallychangesitsvalueshouldbelessthan0.02mm.Tighteningtorqueofthecouplingboltsshallcomplywiththetechnicalrequirementsmanufacturersdrawings,withadynamometricwrenchorlogtensiontools.Threewheelrotorswingtestcouplingconnectionsshouldbechecked:takingleave,五、出现药物外渗的处理方法1、一般肿胀:输入的一般性药物维生素类给以热敷即可,常用热水袋、湿热敷、温度在50℃左右,10-15分钟观察皮肤情况。可给予25%一50%硫酸镁或75%一95%酒精热湿敷,硫酸镁效果比较好但冷结晶。局部组织出现大片红肿,沿血管出现条索状的红线,局部肿痛。抬高患肢增加热敷擦药的次数。2、输入特殊药物时,化疗药物、升压药、高渗性药物等不管是否出现红肿炎症反应应立即采取封闭治疗。3、根据药物性质的不同选择不同的处理方法4、局部封闭:用41/2一51/2门肌肉针头,在红肿皮肤的边缘呈点状或扇状封闭。进针深度以15—20°为宜,注射药物量以能使红肿范围明显突出皮肤,进针长度以针尖最好在红肿的正中处,使药物均匀地向四周扩散。根据情况2—3天封闭1次,一般封闭3—5次。5、血管收缩药:如多巴胺、去甲肾上腺素、垂体后叶素等,立即用654—2药物热敷或一般热敷;0.9%生理盐水5ml+酚妥拉明5mg局部封闭。6、钙剂:热敷;1%普鲁卡因2ml+生理盐水2ml-5m1或1%普鲁卡因2ml+地塞米松5mg+生理盐水2ml-5ml局部封闭。7、高渗溶液、强酸、强碱药物:如50%葡萄糖、甘露醇、碳酸氢钠等,立即停止给药,给予冷敷;1%
本文标题:液体外渗的处理
链接地址:https://www.777doc.com/doc-7363084 .html