《语言学导论》重点整理

实用标准文案精彩文档1.AnIntroductiontoLinguisticsandlanguage1.WhatisLinguistics?Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itendeavorstoanswerthequestion--whatislanguageandhowisrepresentedinthemind?Linguistsfocusondescribingandexplaininglanguageandarenotconcernedwiththeprescriptiverulesofthelanguage.2.BasiccriteriafordoingLinguistics♦1.Objectivity♦2.Explicitness♦3.Rigorousness♦4.Adequacy3.TheScopeofLinguistics(1)♦GeneralLinguistics:thestudyoflanguageasawhole♦Phonetics:thestudyofsoundsinlinguisticcommunication♦Phonology:thestudyofthesoundpatternsoflanguage.Itisconcernedwithhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication.♦Morphology:thestudyofthewayinwhichthesymbolsarearrangedandcombinedtoformwords.4.TheScopeofLinguistics(2)♦:Syntaxthestudyofsentencestructure.Itattemptstodescribewhatisgrammaticalinaparticularlanguageintermofrules♦Semantics:thestudyofmeaning.♦Pragmatics:thestudyofmeaningincontext♦Sociolinguistics:thestudyofsocialaspectsoflanguageanditsrelationwithsociety.♦Psycholingustics:thestudyoflanguagewithrelationtopsychology♦Appliedlinguistics:thestudyofapplicationsoflinguistics.5.Somedistinctionsinlinguistics♦Prescriptivevs.descriptive♦Synchronicvs.diachronic♦Speechandwriting♦Langueandparole♦Competenceandperformance♦Traditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics(linguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive;modernlinguisticsregardsspokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten;modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarinthatitdoesnotforcelanguageintoaLatin-basedframework.)6.Whatislanguage?♦Languageisnotanabstractconstructionofthelearned,orofdictionary-makers,butissomethingarisingoutofthework,needs,ties,joys,affections,tastes,oflonggenerationsofhumanity,andhasitsbasesbroadandlow,closetotheground.♦WaltWhitman7.Thedefinitionoflanguage♦Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication8.Designfeatures(Properties)♦Arbitrariness:vastmajorityoflinguisticexpressionsarearbitrary♦Productivity:creativityoropen-endedness实用标准文案精彩文档♦Duality:doublearticulation(soundsandmeanings)♦Displacement:eg.SantaClaus,Superman,dragon♦Culturaltransmission:meme,memics♦(Discreteness:thesoundsusedinlanguagearemeaningfullydistinct.Eg.pack,back)9.Assignments♦Commentonthedefinitionoflanguage.♦Summarizethedesignfeaturesoflanguage.♦Whatisyourunderstandingofsynchronicstudyoflanguage2.Chapter2Phoneticsandphonology1.Phonetics:thesoundsoflanguage�Threebranchesofphonetics�ArticulatoryPhonetics发音语音学:theproductionofspeechsounds.�AuditoryPhonetics听觉语音学:thestudyoftheperceptionofspeechsounds�AcousticPhonetics声学语音学:thestudyofthephysicalproductionandtransmissionofspeechsounds.2.Organsofspeech:1.Thepharyngealcavity喉腔2.Theoralcavity口腔3.Thenasalcavity鼻腔3.Twokindsoftranscription�Broadtranscription宽式标音:transcriptionwithletter-symbols�Narrowtranscription窄式标音:transcriptionwithletter-symbolsandthediacritics4.ClassificationofEnglishconsonants5.ClassificationofEnglishvowels6.Phonology:thesoundpatternsoflanguage�Difference�Phone,phoneme,allophone�Phonemiccontrast,complementarydistribution,minimalpair7.Phones,phonemes,andallophones�Phonologyisthestudyofsoundpatternsoflanguage(i.e.howsoundsarearrangedtoformmeaningfulunits)andthefunctionofeachsound.Itrevealswhatarethepossiblecombinationsofsoundsinalanguageandexplainswhycertainwordstaketheformtheydo.8.Phone音素�phone:thesmallestperceptiblediscretesegmentofsoundinastreamofspeechi)phoneticunitii)notdistinctiveofmeaningiii)physicalasheardorproducediv)markedwith[]9.Phoneme音位�theminimalunitinthesoundsystemofalanguage.Withphonemes,weestablishthepatternsoforganizationwithintheinfinitelylargenumberofsounds.Eachlanguagecanbeshowntooperatewitharelativelysmallnumberofphonemes(15-80).Notwolanguageshavethesamephonemicsystem.10.Phoneme音位i)phonologicalunitii)distinctiveofmeaningiii)abstract,notphysicaliv)markedwith//.实用标准文案精彩文档11.Threerequirementsforidentifyingminimalpairs:1)differentinmeaning;2)onlyonephonemedifferent;3)thedifferentphonemesoccurinthesamephoneticenvironment.�Minimalset:pat,mat,bat,fat,cat,hat,etc.11.Allophone音位变体:phonicvariants/realizationsofaphoneme12.Phonologicalrules:�Phonologicalpatterningisrule-governed.[blik]and[kilb],thoughnotfoundinEnglish,canbepossiblecombinations,while[kbil]or[lkib]cannot.Sequentialrulesarethosethataccountforthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.Theyarelanguage-specific,asinthefollowingcases:�*[tlait][iltrit]13.Sequentialrule�Ifthreeconsonantsshouldclustertogetheratthebeginningofaword,thecombinationshouldfollowtheorder/sequencebelow:�a.Thefirstphonememustbe/s/�b.Thesecondphonememustbe/p/,/t/or/k/�c.Thethirdphonememustbe/l/,/r/,or/w/.spring,string,squirrel,split,screen14.Assimilationrule�Asoundmaychangebyassimilating/copyingafeatureofasequential/neighboringsound,e.g.impossible,irresistible,illegal[in-]�Question:Whatotherexamples?�sink/since�pancake�sunglasses�fivepastseven�hasto15.Deletionrule�Asoundmaybedeletedeventhoughitmaybeorthographicallyrepresented.16.Stress,tone,andintonation�Suprasegmental（超切分）phonology�Suprasegmentalphonemes:�stress,toneandintonation17.St