英语构词法讲解及相关练习

1构词法WordFormation在英语中，词的构成方式主要有三种：合成、转化和派生。一、合成Compounding两个或更多的词合成一个词。方式：1.直接写在一起。2.用连字符(-)连接。3.由两个分开的词构成。(1)合成形容词方式例词1形容词＋形容词red-hot2形容词＋名词first-class,full-time,part-time3形容词＋现在分词good-looking,free-thinking,4形容词＋过去分词ready-made5形容词＋名词-edgood-tempered,middle-aged,cold-blooded6名词＋名词-ediron-willed7名词＋形容词world-famous,day-long8名词＋现在分词beauty-loving,freedom-loving,job-hunting,9名词＋过去分词man-made,water-covered,10副词＋形容词ever-green11副词＋现在分词hard-working,far-seeing12副词＋过去分词well-prepared,quickly-cured,well-known13数词＋名词five-year14数词＋名词+形容词five-year-old15数词＋名词-edfour-legged,six-storied(2)合成动词构成方式例词1名词＋动词day-dream2副词＋动词overcome,upturn翻起3形容词＋动词white-wash(3)合成名词构成方式例词1名词＋名词horseback,bank-note,newspaper,cellphone,2形容词＋名词back-yard,forehead,3动名词＋名词hidingplace,reading-room4动词＋副词get-off,breakin,5副词＋动词output,overflow(4)合成副词however,maybe,wherever,whenever,forever(5)合成代词whoever,,whatever,everyone,nobody,myself,something,anything,二、派生Derivation前缀前缀含义例词a-处在……arise,aside,aloneen-使可能enrich,enable,enslavedis-不，否定dissatisfy,dishonest,disappear,disorder,disagree2un-不做相反动作unable,unknown,uncommon,uncomfortable,unfair,unclose,undress,uncover,untiein-im-ir-il-不，非inactive,incapable,inpatient,incorrectimpossible,impersonal,impolite,immature,impracticalirregular,irresponsibleillogical,non-不，非nonexistent,non-interference,non-conductor,non-stopde-向相反方向发展Decentralize（分散）,defrost（解冻）anti-反（对）anti-freeze,anti-fascistmis-错误的，坏的misdoings,misunderstand,misfortunere重复，再rewrite,remarry,reunite,recycle,co-共同co-exist,co-operate,co-educationex以前的Ex-husband,ex-presidenttele远程telephone,telegraph,telescopesuper-在上面，超级supermarket,superpower,under-在……之下underline,underestimate,underground,inter-相互，之间international,interact,inter-changesub-下，次subtitle,submarine,subconscious,subcontinent,trans-过，穿过，变transformation(变形),translatevice-副vice-premier,vice-presidentsemi-半semifinal,semicircle,semi-automaticbi两个bicycle,biennial两年一次的tri三个triangle三角形,tricycle三轮脚踏车,triplets三胞胎mul-多，多种multiply,multi-national,multi-colouredkilo-千kilometre,kilogram后缀后缀例词名词-erfarmer,weaver,pain-killer,murderer,,villager,stranger,speaker,cooker,recorder,heater-essactress,waitress,princess,hostess-orconductor,sailor,transistor,operator,-arbeggar-eseChinese,Portuguese,Japanese-ianmusician,Egyptian,physician-istscientist,dentist,communist,socialist,-ent/-antassistant-mentargument,judgment,government-nesshappiness,greatness,illness,coldness,sleeplessness-tiondictation,preparation,repetition,action,information,invention-ingbuilding,wedding,painting-shipleadership,friendship,hardship-ageshortage,marriage,leakage-tyloyalty,cruelty,penalty,sixty,twenty,thirty,certainty-thtruth,warmth,length,growth,fifteenth,fourth3-anceacceptance,assistance,reliance,appearance-encedependence,confidence,reference,entrance,defence-fulmouthful,handful,plateful,-alrefusal,denial,arrival-ydifficulty,possibility,-domfreedom,wisdom,kingdom-ismsocialism,materialism注意：-ese,-ian,-ist既可以构成名词，又可以构成形容词。-er构成的名词，既有表示人的，又有表示物的。后缀例词形容词-alcentral,industrial,national,natural-anEuropean,American,Australian-erneastern,northern,southern-ablereasonable,horrible,terrible,believable,comfortable,forgettable,sensible-fulcareful,cheerful,grateful,faithful,-ishchildish,Swedish,selfish-ivedestructive,collective,active,creative,effective-ythirsty,dirty,windy,sunny,cloudy,healthy,funny-lesscareless,hopeless,helpless,homeless,sleepless,fearless,limitless-engolden,wooden,woolen-ouscourageous,famous,continuous,serious,various-aryimaginary,revolutionary,secondary-icrealistic,historic,poetic-sometroublesome,burdensome,lonesome,handsome-likechildlike,womanlike,manlike-antignorant,significant,observant,important-entdiligent,silent,excellent,frequent-lylively,friendly,lovely,weekly,brotherly,motherly-ishchildish,foolish后缀例词动词-izerealize,modernize,mechanize,criticize,-enwiden,strengthen,lengthen,sharpen,widen,shorten,quicken,deepen-fySimplify,beautify,terrify,后缀例词副词-ward(s)forward,northward,backward,downward-lyslowly,quickly,carefully,loudly,happily,friendly三、转化Conversion:指一个词不变化词形，而由一种此类转化为另一种词类或几种词类。1.名词和动词之间的转化telephone电话——打电话,mirror镜子——像镜子一样反映,drink喝——饮料,record录音4——记录,name,date,hand,study,2.形容词转化为动词perfect完美的——使完善3.名词转化为形容词(副词)front前面——前面的4.形容词转化为名词chief主要的——首领Ⅰ.Matchtherightwordsfromtherightcolumnwiththewordsontheleft.()1.enrichA.tryingtofindjobs()2.semicircleB.remove,getridofice,frost()3.troublesomeC.of,having,usingimagination()4.sharpenD.makeorbecomesharp()5.job-huntingE.halfacircle()6.limitlessF.causingtrouble()7.imaginativeG.makerich,improveinquality,flavour,etc.()8.defrostH.withoutlimitⅡ.Usetheappropriateformofthewordstofillintheblanks.1.Themotherdidn’tknowwhyherdaughterwascrying_______.(noise)2.Hewasoneofthebest_______inyesterday’sfootballmatch.(play)3.Look!How______Kateislaughing!(happy)4.Itsnowed_____lastnightandnowthestreetsarecoveredwithsnow.(heavy)5.Edisonwasagreat______.Duringhislifehehadmany______.(invent)6.Moreandmore_____havecometovisitChinaovertheseyears.（foreign）7.Wewant_________reasonsforyourfailuretohelp.(satisfy)8.Pleasegivemesomereferencework