契诃夫-Аnton-chekhov-短篇小说-英文介绍

ChekhovAntonChekhov(1860-1904)AntonChekhovRussianwriter,whobroughtboththeshortstoryandthedramatonewprominenceinRussiaandeventuallyintheWesternworld.Hislife&worksThehouseinTaganrog,RussiaGrandfather,serfFather,ownerofagrocer.“Ihadnochildhood!”Tutor.Shortstories.AChameleon(Otchumyelov)TheDeathofaGovernmentClerk(Ivan)ThegovernmentclerkdiedofthehighpoliticalpressureofTzaristRussia.sputterPushkinPrizein1888.AManinaCase.Byelikov.WardNo.6SakhalinIsland,1890aRussianpenalcolonyAtSakhalinIslandHealsowrotedrama.TheCherryOrchardTheSeagull(1896)ChekhovandTolstoyAtMelikhovo(1892-99)ChekhovandOlga,1901,onhoneymoonArespectablewriterHisstyleTakingacool,objectivestancetowardhischaracters,Chekhovconveystheirinnerlivesandfeelingsindirectly,bysuggestionratherthanstatement.Hisplotsareusuallysimple,andtheendingsofbothhisstoriesandhisplaystendtowardopennessratherthanfinality.HisrealismChekhov’sworkscreatetheeffectofprofoundexperiencetakingplacebeneaththesurfaceintheordinarylivesofunexceptionalpeople.Awarm-heartedwriter“Weshallfindthepeace.Weshallheartheangels.Weshallseetheskysparkledwithdiomonds.”Chekhov'sgrave,NovodevichyCemetery,MoscowThemonumenttoChekhovinAlexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky,SakhalinIslandAbustofChekhovinBadenweilerToday’scontent1.Russianbackgroundinlate19thcentury2.Hisearlyshortstories3.hisworksafter1890s.4.Hisrepresentative:WardNo.6theManinaCase.1.BackgroundThesocialcontradictionturnedseverein1880sandtheRussiangovernmentofdespotismstrengthenedpoliticalpressureagainstthepeople.A.societypolarized.alongwiththeso-calledReformofMuzhiktheRussiansocietygotmoreandmorepolarized.Thepeasantswhohadlosttheirlandandrushedintocitiesbecameindustrialworkers.Sotherelationshipbetweenworkingclassandbourgeoisiegrewtense.B.TheRussianPopulistsTheRussianPopulistscriticizedthepolarizedRussianrealityandbroughtforwardtheirpoliticalopinionstoresisttheprevailofcapitalismwiththetraditionalRussianpatriarchalclansystemsoastoestablishtheRussiansocialism.C.highpoliticalpressureTheRussianPopulistsassassinatedCzarAlexanderIIin1881butthisterroristactioncausedtheoverwhelmingrevengeofRussiangovernmentovertheRussianpeople.Thesocietythusbeganaperiodwithhighpoliticalpressure.2.hisearlystoriesHisearlystoriesironicallysatirizedtheservilecharacterofthepeople.AChameleonTheDeathofaGovernmentClerkAChameleonTHEpolicesuperintendentOtchumyeloviswalkingacrossthemarketsquarewearinganewovercoatandcarryingaparcelunderhisarm.TheDeathofaGovernmentClerkONEfineevening,anolessfinegovernmentclerkcalledIvanDmitritchTchervyakovwassittinginthesecondrowofthestalls,gazingthroughanoperaglassattheClochesdeCorneville.Hegazedandfeltattheacmeofbliss.Butsuddenly....InstoriesonesooftenmeetswiththisButsuddenly.Theauthorsareright:lifeissofullofsurprises!Butsuddenlyhisfacepuckeredup,hiseyesdisappeared,hisbreathingwasarrested...hetooktheoperaglassfromhiseyes,bentoverand...Aptchee!!Imustappologise.Ihavespatteredhim,thoughtTchervyakov,heisnottheheadofmydepartment,butstillitisawkward.Imustapologise.Pardon,yourExcellency,Ispatteredyouaccidentally....Nevermind,nevermind.Forgoodnesssakeexcuseme,I...Ididnotmeanto.Oh,please,sitdown!letmelisten!Ispatteredyou,yourExcellency,forgiveme...yousee...Ididn'tdoitto....Oh,that'senough...I'dforgottenit,andyoukeeponaboutit!saidthegeneral,movinghislowerlipimpatiently.What?askedTchervyakov,inawhisperturningnumbwithhorror.Beoff!repeatedthegeneral,stamping.SomethingseemedtogivewayinTchervyakov'sstomach.Seeingnothingandhearingnothinghereeledtothedoor,wentoutintothestreet,andwentstaggeringalong....Reachinghomemechanically,withouttakingoffhisuniform,helaydownonthesofaanddied.Inmid-1880shisstoriesrevealsasympathytorwarsthemiserablepeople.SorrowVankaSorrowTHEturner,GrigoryPetrov,whohadbeenknownforyearspastasasplendidcraftsman,andatthesametimeasthemostsenselesspeasantintheGaltchinskoydistrict,wastakinghisoldwomantothehospital.HesaidtohisoldwomanDon'tcry,Matryona,...hemuttered.Havealittlepatience.PleaseGodweshallreachthehospital,andinatriceitwillbetherightthingforyou....PavelIvanitchwillgiveyousomelittledrops,ortellthemtobleedyou;ormaybehishonorwillbepleasedtorubyouwithsomesortofspirit--it'll...drawitoutofyourside.PavelIvanitchwilldohisbest.Hewillshoutandstampabout,buthewilldohisbest....HisoldwomandiedAtlast,tomakeanendofuncertainty,withoutlookingroundhefelthisoldwoman'scoldhand.Theliftedhandfelllikealog.Sheisdead,then!Whatabusiness!Andtheturnercried.HewasnotsomuchsorryasannoyedHenearlywentinsaneWhy,sheusedtogotheroundofthevillage,heremembered.Isentheroutmyselftobegforbread.Whatabusiness!Sheoughttohavelivedanothertenyears,thesillything;asitisI'llbeboundshethinksIreallywasthatsortofman....HolyMother!butwherethedevilamIdriving?There'snoneedforadoctornow,butaburial.Turnback!VankaVANKAZHUKOV,aboyofnine,whohadbeenforthreemonthsapprenticedtoAlyahintheshoemaker,wassittinguponChristmasEve.Waitingtillhismasterandmistressandtheirworkmenhadgonetothemidnightservice,hetookoutofhismaster'scupboardabottleofinkandapenwitharustynib,and,spreadingoutacrump