新编简明语言学重要期末考点

语言学1一、选择题15%二、T/F15%三、概念解释4题20%四、简答题30%五、语言现象分析20%TGgrammar，bondmorpheme,sentencerelation1.Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.2.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.3.Morphemeisthesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguage.Itcannotbeusedalone.4.Awordisameaningfulgrammaticallanguageunitwhichcanbeusedbyitsown.5.Lexiconreferstoallthewordsormentalwordsthataspeakerknows.6.Compoundreferstothewayofformingnewwordsbystringingwordstogetherincertainmanner.7.Anallomorphisanythevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.8.Themajorbranchesoflinguistics?写出五大分支：语音学/音位学/形态学/句法学/语用学Phonetics语音学isthestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunication.Phonology音位学isthestudyofsoundpatternsinhumanlanguageMorphology形态学isthestudyoftheinternalstructure,formsandclassesofwords.Syntax句法学isthestudyofrulesthatgovernthegrammaticalformationofsentences.Pragmatics语用学isthestudyofhowlanguageisusedinactualcommunication.Semantics语义学isthestudyoflanguagemeaning.Lexicology词汇学isthestudyofwordsandphrases.9.distinctionsinlinguistics:1)prescriptive规定性，提供说话的规范/descriptive描述性，关心人们的说话方式而不是规定该怎么说modernlinguisticsismostlydescriptive2)synchronic共时性研究/diachronic历时性研究（几个时段一起研究）modernlinguisticsismainlysynchronic,becauseitfocusonstudyingalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistory.在特定的一个时期3)speech口语/writing书面语(twomajormediaofcommunication)speechispriortowriting原因：fromthepointoflinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting;speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed;speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismotherlanguage.4)langue语言/parole言语(说话的最终方式）languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystem;parolefocusesontherealizationoflanguageinactualuse.5)competence语言能力/performance语言运用6)traditionalgrammar传统语法/modernlinguistics现代语言学3个区别：modernlinguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive;modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimarywhiletraditionalgrammaremphasizesonwrittenwords;modernlinguisticsdoesnotforcelanguageintoaLatin-basedframework.语言学210.Designfeaturesoflanguage5个特点，语言与动物交流区分1）arbitrariness任意性（meansthatthesymbolsusedinhumanlanguageisarbitrary.thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.itisnotentirelyarbitrary.somecompoundwordsarealsonotarbitrary.2)productivity创造性：languageisproductiveorcreative3)duality双重结构:languageconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.4)displacement不受时空限制languagecanbeusedtorefercontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeakers.5)culturaltransmission文化传递（文化基因）peoplewerebornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage.(是具有学习能力而不是生来就能使用语言)11.functionsoflanguage根据tripartiteframework分为3个1)descriptivefunction2)expressivefunction3)socialfunction根据美籍俄人Jacobson’smodel分6类言语活动的6个主要功能1)emotive:expresstheattitude2)conative:Theaddresseraimstoinfluencetheaddressee’sthoughtsoractions意动功能，影响听话人的行为3)referential:conveyamessageorinformation所指功能，传递信息4)poetic:displaythebeautyoflanguageitself组诗功能，表现语言本身的美5)phaticcommunion:establishormaintaininterpersonalrelationships.寒暄功能，用于维系人际关系6)metalinguistic：uselanguagetomakeclearthemeaningoflanguageitself.元语言功能12.threebranchesofphonetics语音学：articulatoryphonetics发音语音学:studiesthespeechsoundsfromthespeaker’spointofviewauditoryphonetics听觉语音学:studiesthehearer’spointofviewacousticphonestic声学语言学:studiesthesoundwaves13.IPAInternationalPhoneticAlphabet国际音标vowel元音20个，其中单元音12个，双元音8个consonants辅音28个辅音按mannerofobstruction分为6个：stops/fricatives/affricates/liquids/nasals/glides按placeofobstruction分为7个：bilabial/labiodental/dental/alveolar/palatal/velar/glottal14.broadtranscription宽式标音法（一个字母表一个音）narrowtranscription严式标音法（加符号表示不同）broadtranscriptionusingonelettertorepresentonesound.narrowtranscriptionaddingdiacriticstothelettersymbolstoshowdifference.15.phonemiccontrast音位对立，如/p/与/b/16.minimalpairs最小对立位，在同一位置上的两个不同音位whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesamepositioninthestings,thetwosoundcombinationsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.语言学317.phonology音位学规则：sequentialrule顺序规则：rulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguageassimilationrule同化规则：copyingafeatureofasequentialphonemedeletionrule省略规则：asoundistobedeletedalthoughitisrepresented.18.suprasegmentalfeatures超切分手段3个：stress重音Theshiftofwordstressmaychangethepartofspeechofwordsofthesamespelling.tone声调maydistinguishthemeaningofwords.intonation语调canshowtheimpliedmessage.19.morpheme分类：freemorpheme自由词素boundmorpheme粘着词素allomorph词素变体，-es,ies,-renderivationalmorpheme派生词素，如im,un,teleinflectionalmorpheme曲折词素表现语法功能，如-ed,-ing,-s,-est20.Category词的范畴referstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguage,suchasasentence,anounphraseoraverb.Thelastandmorereliablecriterionofdeterminingaword’scategoryisitsdistribution.21.coordinatestructures:Aruleofgrammarthatstatethecompositionofacoordinatestructure.22.Aphrasecontainspecifiers指示语andcomplements补语besidesthehead中心词。23.synonymy同义referstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.同义词是synonymsfivetypesofsynonymy:1)dialectalsynonyms方言同义词synonymsusedindifferentregionaldialects,如elevator与lift2)stylisticsy