【管理类】项目管理（全英文版）(14)

©1996ProjectManagementInstitute,130SouthStateRoad,UpperDarby,PA19082USA155GLOSSARYANDINDEXGlossaryIndexivNOTES156©1996ProjectManagementInstitute,130SouthStateRoad,UpperDarby,PA19082USA1571.InclusionsandExclusionsThisglossaryincludestermsthatare:•Uniqueornearlyuniquetoprojectmanagement(e.g.,scopestatement,workpackage,workbreakdownstructure,criticalpathmethod).•Notuniquetoprojectmanagement,butuseddifferentlyorwithanarrowermeaninginprojectmanagementthaningeneraleverydayusage(e.g.,earlystartdate,activity,task).Thisglossarygenerallydoesnotinclude:•Applicationarea-specificterms(e.g.,projectprospectusasalegaldocument—uniquetorealestatedevelopment).•Termswhoseuseinprojectmanagementdonotdifferinanymaterialwayfromeverydayuse(e.g.,contract).•Compoundtermswhosemeaningisclearfromthecombinedmeaningsofthecomponentparts.•Variantswhenthemeaningofthevariantisclearfromthebaseterm(e.g.,ex-ceptionreportisincluded,exceptionreportingisnot).Asaresultoftheaboveinclusionsandexclusions,thisglossaryincludes:•ApreponderanceoftermsrelatedtoProjectScopeManagementandProjectTimeManagement,sincemanyofthetermsusedinthesetwoknowledgear-easareuniqueornearlyuniquetoprojectmanagement.•ManytermsfromProjectQualityManagement,sincethesetermsareusedmorenarrowlythanintheireverydayusage.•RelativelyfewtermsrelatedtoProjectHumanResourceManagement,ProjectRiskManagement,andProjectCommunicationsManagement,sincemostofthetermsusedintheseknowledgeareasdonotdiffersignificantlyfromevery-dayusage.•RelativelyfewtermsrelatedtoProjectCostManagementandProjectPro-curementManagement,sincemanyofthetermsusedintheseknowledgear-eashavenarrowmeaningsthatareuniquetoaparticularapplicationarea.2.CommonAcronymsACWPActualCostofWorkPerformedADActivityDescriptionADMArrowDiagrammingMethodAFActualFinishdateAOAActivity-On-ArrowAONActivity-On-NodeASActualStartdateBACBudgetAtCompletionBCWPBudgetedCostofWorkPerformedGLOSSARYBCWSBudgetedCostofWorkScheduledCCBChangeControlBoardCPFFCostPlusFixedFeeCPIFCostPlusIncentiveFeeCPICostPerformanceIndexCPMCriticalPathMethodCVCostVarianceDDDataDateDUDUrationEACEstimateAtCompletionEFEarlyFinishdateESEarlyStartdateETCEstimate(orEstimated)ToComplete(orCompletion)EVEarnedValueFFFreeFloatorFinish-to-FinishFFPFirmFixedPriceFPIFFixedPriceIncentiveFeeFSFinish-to-StartGERTGraphicalEvaluationandReviewTechniqueIFBInvitationForBidLFLateFinishdateLOELevelOfEffortLSLateStartdateMPMModernProjectManagementOBSOrganization(al)BreakdownStructurePCPercentCompletePDMPrecedenceDiagrammingMethodPERTProgramEvaluationandReviewTechniquePFPlannedFinishdatePMProjectManagementorProjectManagerPMBOKProjectManagementBodyofKnowledgePMPProjectManagementProfessionalPSPlannedStartdateQAQualityAssuranceQCQualityControlRAMResponsibilityAssignmentMatrixRDURemainingDUrationRFPRequestForProposalRFQRequestForQuotationSFScheduledFinishdateorStart-to-FinishSOWStatementOfWorkSPISchedulePerformanceIndexSSScheduledStartdateorStart-to-StartSVScheduleVarianceTCTargetCompletiondateTFTotalFloatorTargetFinishdateTSTargetStartdateTQMTotalQualityManagementWBSWorkBreakdownStructure158©1996ProjectManagementInstitute,130SouthStateRoad,UpperDarby,PA19082USAGLOSSARYAGUIDETOTHEPROJECTMANAGEMENTBODYOFKNOWLEDGEAGUIDETOTHEPROJECTMANAGEMENTBODYOFKNOWLEDGEGLOSSARY3.DefinitionsManyofthewordsdefinedherehavebroader,andinsomecasesdifferent,dictio-narydefinitions.Thedefinitionsusethefollowingconventions:•Termsusedaspartofthedefinitions,andaredefinedintheglossary,areshowninitalics.•Whensynonymsareincluded,nodefinitionisgivenandthereaderisdirectedtothepreferredterm(ie.,seepreferredterm).•Relatedtermsthatarenotsynonymsarecross-referencedattheendofthede-finition(ie.,seealsorelatedterm).AccountabilityMatrix.Seeresponsibilityassignmentmatrix.Activity.Anelementofworkperformedduringthecourseofaproject.Anactivitynormallyhasanexpectedduration,anexpectedcost,andexpectedresourcerequirements.Activitiesareoftensubdividedintotasks.ActivityDefinition.Identifyingthespecificactivitiesthatmustbeperformedinordertopro-ducethevariousprojectdeliverables.ActivityDescription(AD).Ashortphraseorlabelusedinaprojectnetworkdiagram.Theac-tivitydescriptionnormallydescribesthescopeofworkoftheactivity.ActivityDurationEstimating.Estimatingthenumberofworkperiodswhichwillbeneededtocompleteindividualactivities.Activity-On-Arrow(AOA).Seearrowdiagrammingmethod.Activity-On-Node(AON).Seeprecedencediagrammingmethod.ActualCostofWorkPerformed(ACWP).Totalcostsincurred(directandindirect)inaccom-plishingworkduringagiventimeperiod.Seealsoearnedvalue.ActualFinishDate(AF).Thepointintimethatworkactuallyendedonanactivity.(Note:insomeapplicationareas,theactivityisconsidered“finished”whenworkis“sub-stantiallycomplete.”)ActualStartDate(AS).Thepointintimethatworkactuallystartedonanactivity.AdministrativeClosure.Generating,gathering,anddisseminatinginformationtoformalizeprojectcompletion.ApplicationArea.Acategoryofprojectsthathavecommonelementsnotpresentinallpro-jects.Applicationareasareusuallydefinedintermsofeithertheproductofthepro-ject(i.e.,bysimilartechnologiesorindustry