句子成分和句子结构

句子成分和句子结构Knowledgeispower.知识就是力量一、相关概念词类又叫词性，英语单词根据其在句子中的功用，可以分成十个大类。1名词nounn.student学生2代词pronounpron.you你3形容词adjectiveadj.happy高兴的4副词adverbadv.quickly迅速地5动词verbv.cut砍、割6数词numeralnum.three三7冠词articleart.a/an/the8介词prepositionprep.at在...9连词conjunctionconj.and和10感叹词interjectioninterj.oh哦•前六类叫实词，后四类叫虚词。特别注意•动词分为及物动词(vt)和不及物动词(vi)•Vt:后面可以跟宾语•Vi:后面不能跟宾语有些词既可以作及物动词也可以做不及物动词，词意一致。有些词既可以作及物动词也可以做不及物动词，词意不一致。Themeetingbegan(vi).（开始）Webegan(vt)themeetingat6.（开始）Themanwalked(vi)away.（走）Hewalked(vt)thedogeveryday.（遛）二、句子成分•英语句子的组成部分包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、表语、和同位语八种。•注意：表语和系动词一起作谓语。1.主语1.一般是动作的发出者，位于句首。主语常常由名词代词数次动名词动词不定式等充当。Theboyistwelve.Thoseapplesaredelicious.Shelooksattractive.2.形容词,副词或介词短语不能做主语，若在句首，可能是倒装。倒装语序：Onthedeskaresomebooks.正常语序：somebooksareonthedesk.练习——划出下面的句子主语，并说出由什么充当。Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.SmokingdoesharmtothehealthTherichshouldhelpthepoor.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.Thatheisn’tathomeisnottrue._________________________________________名词做主语_______________动名词做主语______人称代词做主语__________________________________________名词做主语_____________名词做主语________________________________不定式做主语__________________________________________________不定时做主语___________________________________从句做主语2.谓语•说明主语所做的动作或者具有的特征和状态。简单谓语：Hereadsnewspaperseveryday.Theymadeacakeforme.复合谓语：Hehascaughtabadcold.Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Ihavebeenreadingthebookallthetime.Mysisteriscryingoverthere.系动词+表语作谓语：Hisfatherisamusician.Themanishandsome.Mygrandpaisseventy.练习——划出下面句子的谓语，并说出是什么谓语。•MissMaryteachesusEnglish.•Manyapersonhasreadthenovel.•Mostofthestudentsaretakinganactivepartinsports.•Herfavoritesportisplayingfootball._________________________________________________________简单谓语复合谓语复合谓语复合谓语3.宾语1.一般由名词，代词，不定式，动名词，或名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或者承受者。一般位于及物动词和介词之后。2.宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语。Wehavebreakfastatseven.Heboughtanewcarlastweek.练习——划出下面的句子宾语，并说出由什么充当。Theyplantedmanytreesyesterday.---Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?---Ihavefive.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.Iwantedtobuyacar.Ienjoywatchingtv.Ithink(that)heisfitforhisoffice.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________名词作宾语名词作宾语动名词作宾语从句作宾语数词作宾语不定式作宾语4.补语有些动词虽然是及物动词，但是只能跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的句子意思，宾语后必须加上一个补语成分才能使句意完整，所加上的部分就是宾语补足语。宾语补语：宾语和宾语补足语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。•Heaskedmetolendhimsomemoney.•Iheardsomeonecallingforhelp.主语谓语宾语宾补主语谓语宾语宾补主语补语：对主语的补充。（含有宾语补足语的句子在编程被动语态宾语作主语时，原来的宾语就成了主语补足语。）Shewasfoundsinginginthenextroom.主语谓语主补练习——划出下面的句子补语，并说出由什么充当。HisfathernamedhimDongming.Theypainedtheirboatwhite.Letthefreshairin.Iaskedhimtocomeontime.Wesawherenteringtheroom.Hekepthishandbehindhisback.Iwantyourhomeworkdoneontime.__________________________不定式短语__________________名词_________形容词___副词_____________________________现在分词_________________________介词短语________________过去分词短语5.定语定语是对名词或者代词起修饰限定作用的词，短语，或句子，汉语中用（···的）表示.形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前。Thenextmanisascientist.Itisaninterestingstory.在英语中，也有雨多情况是定语放在所修饰词之后，这点与汉语的表达习惯不同。1.副词作定语，一般要后置。Peoplethereareveryfriendly.（那儿的人们）Hedidn’tlikethemandownstairs.（楼下的那个人）2.形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。Themannexttomeisascientist.3.介词短语作定语要后置。TheboyunderthetreeisTom.4.现在分词短语，过去分词短语，动词不定式作定语常后置。Ihavesomethingtosay.我有要说的话。Theboycryingoverthereismybrother.在那边哭的那个男孩是我的弟弟。练习——划出下面句子的定语，并说出由什么充当。TheletteronthedeskisforMr.Wu.Thewomanwithababyinherarmsishismother.Weneedaplacetwicelargerthanthisone.Shecarriedabasketfullofeggs.It’sabookworthnomorethanonedollar.It’sacityfarawayfromthecoast._______________________________________介词短语做后置定语_______________________________________________形容词短语作后置定语__________________形容词短语作后置定语__________________________________形容词短语作后置定语__________________________________with的复合结构作后置定语____________________________________形容词短语作后置定语6.状语状语修饰动词，形容词，副词或者是整个句子，说明动作或者状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。Hewritescarefully.（认真地写）Hewalksslowly.（慢慢地走）Thismaterialisenvironmentallyfriendly.（修饰形容词用副词，作状语。）Thetreesgrewextremelyslowly.（slowly修饰动词grew,是副词，而extremely是副词，修饰slowly。）1.几个并列的状语的先后顺序：方式---地点---时间Hewaswalkingslowlyoutsidetheparkatthatmoment.2.英语中，时间状语、地点状语的排列一般都是按从小到大得顺序。Iinvitedhimtowatchamovieat5p.m.onThursday,August28th,2015.3.频度副词often,always,usually,sometimes,never等在句子中的位置是：动前助后（动：谓语动词，助：Be动词、情态动词、助动词（do/does））。Youcannevertellwhathewilldo.Heisoftenlate.Heisalwayshelpingothers.4.状语如果按照句意分类，有时间状语，地点状语，目的状语，结果状语，程度状语，条件状语，方式状语和让步状语等。练习——划出下面的句子主语，并说出由什么充当。1.Mr.Smithlivesonthethirdfloor.2.Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.3.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithagreatcare.4.Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.5.Tomakehisdreamcometrue,Tombecomesveryinterestedinbusiness.6.Theboyneedsapenverymuch._________________________________________________目的状语__________________________________________________伴随状语_______________________方式状语__________________________________原因状语___________________________地点状语____________________程度状语7.同位语•同位语是在名词或者代词之后的并列名词或代词，对前者加以说明。•Westudentsshouldstudyhard.•Itisgoodforusstudents