高考英语阅读理解词义、句义猜测题应试技巧

高考英语阅读理解词义、句义猜测题应试技巧高考阅读理解中，经常出现一定量的生词，并且每年总有二至四题直接考查词义、句义猜测。这充分体现了《教学大纲》和《考试说明》的要求，意在考查考生根据上下文推测生词短语含义的能力，突出考查语境的分析和把握能力。猜词能力不仅涉及到学生的语言知识水平，还涉及到学生的语言应用能力和综合素质水平。在阅读理解中，猜测词义、句义题的特点是对生词、短语、指示代词和句子的猜测。一、常用设问形式：1.Theunderlinedword...refersto(means)____.2.Whichofthefollowingwordscantaketheplaceoftheword...?3.Whatisthemeaningof...asthewordsareusedinthetext?4.Whichofthefollowinghastheclosestmeaningto...(paragraph...)?二、应试技巧(一)词义猜测题1.同义法：通常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or，这些词或短语在句中作相同的成分，并且and或or连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的,由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，甚至推知它的大致词义。例①(NMET2003,C篇,65)Fermat'sLastTheorem(定理).FirstputforwardbytheFrenchmathematicianPierredeFermatintheseventeenthcentury,thetheoremhadbaffledandbeatenthefinestmathematicalminds,includingaFrenchwomanscientistwhomadeamajoradvanceinworkingouttheproblem,andwhohadtodresslikeamaninordertobeabletostudyattheEcolePolytechnique.65.Whichofthefollowingbestexplainsthemeaningofthewordbaffleasitisusedinthetext?A.Toencouragepeopletoraisequestions.B.Tocausedifficultyinunderstanding.C.Toprovideapersonwithanexplanation.D.Tolimitpeople'simagination.解析:由句中不难看出Fermat的定理使得最具数学头脑的科学家绞尽脑汁(beat)，并且在句中beaten和baffled处于同等并列关系，据此推断出baffle为使困惑、难倒、难以理解的意思。故答案为B。2.反义法：利用反义词说明生词的意义。如反义词hotandcold,giveandreceive,perfectandimperfect,甚至前、后句为肯定与否定、或是与不是等，在句内词与词之间，在段内句与句之间的关系上起着互为线索的作用。例②(NMET2002,E篇,74)Achild'sbirthdaypartydoesn'thavetobeahassle;itcanbeabasketoffun,accordingtoBethAnaclerio,anEvastonmotheroftwo,ages4and18months.74.Whatdoestheunderlinedwordhassleprobablymean?A.apartydesignedbyspecialistsB.aplanrequiringcarefulthoughtC.asituationcausingdifficultyortroubleD.ademandmadebyguests解析:由前句的否定doesn't与后句的肯定canbe这一对比关系，可以推断出,为了庆祝孩子的生日,又不至于麻烦,可以买一个生日开心包。hassle的意思应该与fun相反,而与difficulty,trouble等相近。故答案为C。3.释义法：在文中的字里行间，对生词以定语(从句)、表语甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明的方式。例③(NMET2001,D篇,68)In1066theNormansledbyWilliamdefeatedtheSaxonsandbegantheirruleoverEngland.Foraboutacentury,Frenchbecametheofficiallanguage.EnglandwhileOldEnglishbecamethelanguageofpeasants.Asaresult,EnglishwordsofpoliticsandthelawcomefromFrenchratherthanGerman.Insomecases,modernEnglishevenshowsadistinction(区别)betweenupper-classFrenchandlower-classAnglo-Saxoninitswords.Weevenhavedifferentwordsforsomefoods,meatinparticular,dependingonwhetheritisstilloutinthefieldsorathomereadytobecooked,whichshowsthefactthattheSaxonpeasantsweredoingthefarming,whiletheupper-classNormansweredoingmostoftheeating.68.Whichofthefollowinggroupsofwordsare,byinference,rootedinFrench?A.president,lawyer,beefB.president,bread,waterC.bread,field,waterD.folk,field,cow解析：由EnglishwordsofpoliticsandthelawcomefromFrenchratherthanGerman.可知英语的政治和法律词汇多来源于法语，所以president,lawyer来源于法语。由meat,athomereadytobecooked,showsthefactthattheupper-classNormansweredoingmostoftheeating.可知英语涉及食品的词汇具有一种特殊的区分：是在农田中放牧饲养的，还是在家庭里屠宰烹饪后端上餐桌的。例如：猪、牛、羊、鹿在放牧饲养时用本族语称为swine,ox,sheep,deer；但在屠宰烹饪后就用法语称呼为pork,beef,mutton,venison。所以beef来源于法语。故答案为A。4.情景推断法：猜测任何词义都离不开文章的语言情景，词义可以从上下文的具体语言环境中推断出来。例④(NMET2002,B篇,62)Organicproduceisalwaysbetter,Goldsaid.Thefoodisfreeofpesticides(农药),andyouaregenerallysupportingfamilyfarmsinsteadoflargefarms.Andmoreoftenthannotitislocally(本地)grownandseasonal,soitismoretasty.Goldisoneofagrowingnumberofshoppersbuyingintotheorganictrend,andsupermarketsacrossBritainarecountingonmorelikehimastheygrowtheirorganicfoodbusiness.62.Whatisthemeaningoftheorganictrendasthewordsareusedinthetext?A.growinginterestinorganicfoodB.betterqualityoforganicfoodC.risingmarketfororganicfoodD.higherpricesoforganicfood解析：由Goldisoneofagrowingnumberofshoppersbuying...可以推断出，越来越多的顾客像Gold一样开始购买有机食物，其实也就是对这类食物产生了越来越浓厚的兴趣。故答案为A。5.代词替代法：一般来讲，代词所指代的内容多在这一句话的前后句中。找到指代的内容后把它放在那个代词的位置上，看一看这句话是否合理，与前后的内容是否一致，然后再最后判定它是否为正确答案。例⑤(NMET2001,C篇,66)Onlyafewyearsago,itwasimpossibletofindgreenproductsinsupermarkets,butnowtherearehundreds.Somesupermarketproductscarrylabels(标签)toshowthattheproductisgreen.Somecompanieshavemadethemanufacturing(生产)ofcleanandsafeproductstheirmainsellingpointandemphasizeitintheiradvertising.66.Theunderlinedworditinthefourthparagraphrefersto____.A.asellingpointB.thecompanynameC.agreatdemandforhealthfoodsD.themanufacturingofgreenproducts解析：只要能分析出句中含有make+名词作宾补的准确语义。就可以得出在广告宣传中的卖点it是themanufacturingofcleanandsafeproducts=greenproducts，故答案为D。(二)句义推测1.同义法例⑥(NMET2001,B篇,60)Holidaymakerswhoareboredwithbakingbeachesandoverheatedhotelroomsheadforabigigloo.SwedishbusinessmanNileBergqvistisdelightedwithhisnewhotel,theworld'sfirstigloohotel.BuiltinasmalltowninLapland,ithasbeenattractinglotsofvisitors,butsoonthefunwillbeover.Intwoweeks'timeBergqvist'sicecreation(作品)willbenothingmorethanapoolofwater.Wedon'tseeitasabigproblem,hesays.Wejustlookforwardtoreplacingit.60.Whenthewritersaysthefunwillbeover,hereferstothefactthat____.A.hotelguestswillbefrightenedatthethoughtofthehardtestB.Bergqvist'shotelwillsoonbecomeapoolofwaterC.holidaymakerswillsoongettiredofthebigiglooD.abiggerigloowillreplacethepresentone解析:由文中可以看出,igloohotel在两周内将不复存在，而变成一泓清水(benothingmorethanapoolofwater)。游客住进冰屋是一种冒险的体验。A、C、D在文中未出现,故答案为B。2.因果关系在上下文中，由从属连词because,since,so等连接。据此，可根据已知的因推出未知