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JSTHosp,4thClinCollege,PKU腰椎常见退变性疾病诊断及治疗北京积水潭医院脊柱外科肖斌JSTHosp,4thClinCollege,PKUJSTHosp,4thClinCollege,PKUJSTHosp,4thClinCollege,PKU•下腰痛(LowBackPain)•下腰痛表现为自肋骨以下至臀部以上部位的疼痛、筋肉紧张及局部活动受限,伴或不伴有下肢放射性疼痛。•75%-85%的人一生中都有下腰痛的经历。•仅有3%-5%的人有下肢放射性疼痛的经历。JSTHosp,4thClinCollege,PKU•根据疼痛原因分类–特异性脊柱源性疼痛–神经根痛–非特异性下腰痛(non-specificlowbackpain)•根据疼痛性质分类–轴性或机械性疼痛–反射痛–放射性疼痛JSTHosp,4thClinCollege,PKU•每年下腰痛流行率:–USA:15%-20%–Euro:25%-45%•下腰痛有着良性病程,大部分患者会在2-4周内恢复。•Hestbaek等报道,在初次下腰痛后的12个月内,再发下腰痛的比例达62%。JSTHosp,4thClinCollege,PKUJSTHosp,4thClinCollege,PKUJSTHosp,4thClinCollege,PKU•骨骼肌肉疾病占初级门诊就诊的10%-20%是就医的第二大原因。JSTHosp,4thClinCollege,PKU•PapageorgiouandRigbycharacterizedthebackpainrelatedcontactwithmedicalservicesbyapplyingaone-in-fiveruleofthumb:•Oneinfiveofthepopulationexperiencebackpainatanyoneperiodoftime.•Ofthese,oneinfiveconsulttheirGP.•Oneinfiveofthoseconsultingarereferredtoaspecialist.•Oneinfiveofthoseattendingoutpatientsareadmittedtohospital.•Oneinfiveofthoseadmittedundergosurgeryforbackpain.JSTHosp,4thClinCollege,PKU•个人危险因素–年龄大约50岁–性别:女性更易出现下腰痛,男性因下腰痛休息的时间会更长–肥胖–全身健康状态–吸烟–久坐的生活方式JSTHosp,4thClinCollege,PKU•职业物理因素–过伸状态下的劳累工作–反复的手工搬运动作–旋转及侧屈–频繁地抬举动作–特殊姿势–长期暴露于震动JSTHosp,4thClinCollege,PKU•职业心理因素–工作节奏过快–工作乏味–低满足度–低社会支持度–低决策权–工作压力JSTHosp,4thClinCollege,PKU•其他因素–人种、地域差异–遗传因素–心理因素JSTHosp,4thClinCollege,PKU•腰椎间盘突出症(LumbarDiscHerniation)•典型症状:–腰痛+下肢放射性疼痛(坐骨神经痛)•特点:–青壮年发病–下腰椎多发–良性自然病程JSTHosp,4thClinCollege,PKU•腰椎间盘突出–为一形态学或影像学定义,指髓核、纤维环或终板组织超越了相邻椎体的边缘,从而造成椎间盘局部外形的异常。凭MRI或CT可做出影像学诊断,但不作为临床疾病诊断的充分条件。•腰椎间盘突出症–为一临床诊断定义,指椎间盘局限性突出,刺激和/或压迫神经组织并引起相应症状的一种脊柱退变性疾病。JSTHosp,4thClinCollege,PKU•影像学检查–X线–CT–MRI•特殊类型–青少年腰椎间盘突出症–腰椎间盘突出症伴马尾神经功能障碍JSTHosp,4thClinCollege,PKUJSTHosp,4thClinCollege,PKUJSTHosp,4thClinCollege,PKUJSTHosp,4thClinCollege,PKU•腰椎管狭窄症(LumbarSpinalStenosis)•典型症状:–间歇性跛行–也可表现为下肢放射性疼痛•特点:–中老年发病–腰部过伸时症状易加重–休息后多无症状JSTHosp,4thClinCollege,PKU•影像学检查–X线–CT–MRI•鉴别诊断–血管源性跛行JSTHosp,4thClinCollege,PKUJSTHosp,4thClinCollege,PKU•分型–中央型狭窄–侧隐窝狭窄–神经根孔狭窄JSTHosp,4thClinCollege,PKU•腰椎滑脱症(LumbarSpondylolisthesis)•病理本质为腰椎管狭窄•分类:–先天性–峡部裂性–退行性–创伤性–病理性JSTHosp,4thClinCollege,PKUJSTHosp,4thClinCollege,PKUJSTHosp,4thClinCollege,PKUJSTHosp,4thClinCollege,PKUJSTHosp,4thClinCollege,PKU•保守治疗方法–休息(卧床3天)–药物治疗:NSAIDs+肌松+神经营养–辅助用药–围腰保护–物理治疗–神经阻滞(放射性疼痛)–传统医学疗法JSTHosp,4thClinCollege,PKU•药物治疗•NSAIDs:–口服:双氯芬酸(扶他林)、美洛昔康、洛索洛芬(乐松)、对乙酰氨基酚(芬必得)等–Cox-2:塞来昔布(西乐葆)、依托考昔(安康信)等–肌注或静脉:氯诺昔康、氟比洛芬(凯纷)、帕瑞昔布(特耐,Cox-2)等–外用:双氯芬酸、氟比洛芬、吲哚美辛等JSTHosp,4thClinCollege,PKU•肌肉松弛剂:–氯唑沙宗–乙哌立松(妙纳)–巴氯芬(郝智、枢芬)•肌肉松弛剂与NSAIDs一同应用,可以打破疼痛-肌肉痉挛恶性循环,提高治疗效果。JSTHosp,4thClinCollege,PKU•神经营养/调节:–甲钴胺(口服、肌注、静脉),序贯治疗–神经妥乐平(口服、静脉)•一般伴有神经症状时使用,单纯腰痛无必要使用。JSTHosp,4thClinCollege,PKU异位放电和神经损伤共同引起神经根性病变JSTHosp,4thClinCollege,PKU•辅助用药(对于神经根性疼痛):•糖皮质激素•甘露醇•消除水肿类–消脱止-M–迈之灵•中成药:–通滞苏润江(含秋水仙碱)JSTHosp,4thClinCollege,PKU•其他药物:•阿片类药物:–杜冷丁–吗啡•抗神经病理性疼痛–卡马西平–普瑞巴林(乐瑞卡)•精神类药物JSTHosp,4thClinCollege,PKUJSTHosp,4thClinCollege,PKU•手术治疗方法–椎间盘内治疗–椎间盘镜、椎间孔镜–单纯减压手术–减压、固定、融合手术•手术并发症JSTHosp,4thClinCollege,PKUJSTHosp,4thClinCollege,PKUJSTHosp,4thClinCollege,PKU•Summary:•常见的腰椎退变疾病有下腰痛、腰椎间盘突出症、腰椎管狭窄症、腰椎滑脱症等。•下腰痛的发病率较高,给个人和社会带来了一定的负担。其中75%-85%为非特异性下腰痛。•保守治疗对于以上疾病是首选治疗,而且大部分是有效的。JSTHosp,4thClinCollege,PKU•急性期无需绝对卧床•药物联合使用:NSAIDs+肌松+神经营养•可配合围腰保护、理疗•保守治疗效果不佳的伴有神经症状的患者可能需要手术治疗•倡导健康的生活方式,预防治疗JSTHosp,4thClinCollege,PKUJSTHosp,4thClinCollege,PKUThankYou!
本文标题:腰椎退行性疾病
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