Lecture-4--学生用1

Lecture4TheComparativeStudyandTranslationofSentences句法对比与翻译Theunitoftranslation翻译单位句子:用词或词组构成的一个能够表达一个完整意思的语言单位。每个句子都有一定的语调，表示陈述、疑问、祈使、感叹等语气。Sentence:agroupofwordswhich,whentheyarewrittendown,beginwithacapitalletterandendwithafullstop,questionmark,orexclamationmark.Mostsentencescontainasubjectandverb.-----CollinsCOBUILDSimplesentencesmaybedividedintomajorsyntactictypesdifferentiatedbytheirform.Theirusecorrelateslargelywithdifferentdiscoursefunctions.Declarativesaresentencesinwhichthesubjectispresentandgenerallyprecedestheverb.Interrogativesaresentenceswhichareformallymarkedinoneofthetwoways:(i)yes-nointerrogatives:theoperatorisplacedinfrontofthesubject.(ii)wh-interrogatives:theinterrogativewh-elementispositionedinitially.Imperativesaresentenceswhichusuallyhavenoovertgrammaticalsubject,andwhoseverbhasthebaseform.Exclamativesaresentenceswhichhaveaninitialphraseintroducedbywhatorhowusuallywithsubject-verborder.汉语基本句型——小句小句（clause）是“最小的能够独立表述一个意思的语法单位。一个语素，一个词，或者一个短语，只要跟句子语气相结合都会成为小句。”汉语基本句型——复合句因果类复句1）（因为······所以······，（之）所以······（就/是）因为······，······因为······，越······越······）2）（既然······那么······/就······，既然······，既······，······可见······，与其······，不如······）3）（如果······那么/就······，如果······，要不是······就······，如果说······那么······）4）（只有······才······，只要······就······，必须······才······，除非······才······，只要······）5）（······以便······，······以免······）并列类复句1）（既······也······，又······又······，也······也······，一边······一边······，一方面······另一方面······，不是······而是······，是······而不是······）2）（······接着······，······然后······）3）（不但······而且······，不仅······就连······，不但······，反而······，固然·····更······）4）（或者······或者······，不是······就是······，要么······要么······，是······还是······）转折类复句1）（但是，可是，然而，只是）2）（虽然······但是······，即使······也······，无论······都······，宁可······也······）3）（······否则······，······要不然······）英语基本句型1、英语的基本句型1.1主+谓1）Goldglitters.金子可以发光。2）Thebellrang.铃声响了。1.2主+系+表1）Childrenarehappyandgay.孩子们幸福快乐。2)Hebecameanartist.他成了艺术家。1.3主+谓+宾1）Badworkmenblametheirtools.自己笨，怪刀钝。2)Thefarmhandshatedhim.长工们恨透了他。1.4主+谓+间宾+直宾1）Thehusbandboughthiswifeanewdress.丈夫给妻子买了一件新衣。2)Pleasehandmethecup.请把杯子递给我。1.5主+谓+宾+补1）TheynamedtheirsonJack.他们给儿子取名杰克。2)Thevictorysentourspiritsrising.胜利让我们精神振奋。1.6主+谓+宾+状1）Fatehastreatedhimprettyroughly.命运待他极为不公。2)Hiscruelremarkscutmedeeply.他那绝情的话语让我痛彻肺腑。1.7主+谓+状1）Thebuildingstoodformanyyears.那座建筑物历经多年未倒。2)WeliveinChina.我们在中国居住。英语主谓宾补（SVOC）句型的四种情况1.使役性及物动词。Theymadehimworkdayandnight.Helikeshisdesktidyandclear.Heorderedthemaway.2.感知性及物动词：Wewatchedthechildrenplaygames.Wecouldhearthechildrenatplayoutside.3.定义性及物动词Theycrownedhim(as)king.Wethinkhertohavedoneright.4.结果性及物动词Theybeathimblackandblue.Sunsetdyedtheskyred.Sheknockedhimdown.Thebarbercutyouhairveryshort.2、汉语的基本句型2.1动词谓语句2.1.1主+谓1）大家笑了。Everybodylaughed.2）莺歌燕舞Oriolessingandswallowsdart.2.1.2主+系+表1）解放区的天是明朗的天。Theskyovertheliberatedareaisbright.2)童年是难忘的。Childhooddaysareunforgettable.2.1.3主+谓+宾1）暴风雨毁了许多房屋。Thestormdestroyedmanyhouses.2)我认为这是可行的。Ithinkthisisfeasible.2.1.4主+谓+间宾+直宾1）他给她一条金项链。Hegaveheragoldnecklace.2)你能借我5块钱吗？Couldyoulendmefiveyuan?2.1.5主+谓+宾+补1）敌人逼他招供。Theenemyforcedhimtoconfess.2)我们看见她跑了。Wesawherrunaway.2．1，6主+谓+宾+状1）他们待我很友好。Theytreatedmeverykindly.2)那人爱财如命。Thatmanlovesmoneylikehisverylife.2.1.7主+谓+状1）我们长在红旗下。We’vegrownupundertheredflag.2)这船驶往纽约。TheshipissailingforNewYork.3)如今这孩子长得又高又大。Nowthechildhasgrownbigandtall.2.1.8主+连动式1）他躺着看书。Hewas/islyinginbedreading.2)我们打完球洗澡。We’lltakeabathafterwe’veplayedbasketball.3)你去排队买票看电影消磨时间。Tokilltime,youcangoandlineupandbuyaticketandseeafilm.Youcankilltimebygoingtothecinema,liningup,buyingaticketandseeingafilm.2.2名词谓语句1）这孩子才8个月。Thisbabyisonlyeightmonthsold.2）今天星期五。TodayisFriday.3）我家3口人。Therearethreepeopleinmyfamily.4）人民万岁！Longlivethepeople!5)一把椅子4条腿。Achairhasfourlegs.2.3形容词谓语句1）天高云淡。Theskyishighandthecloudsarepale.2)她的嗓子真甜。Hervoiceisreallysweet./Shehasareallysweetvoice.3)南方的天气好。Theweatherinthesouthisnice.2.4主谓谓语句2.4.1大主语+（小主语+动词谓语）1）他个子长得很快，智力发育也很快。Hegrowsveryfastinbothstature(身高，身材)andintelligence.2)他歌唱得好，但不会跳舞。Hesingsverywell,buthecan’tdance.2.4.2大主语+（小主语+名词谓语）1）西瓜一公斤6毛钱。Watermelonissixjiaoakilogram.2）老张体重80公斤，但身高才1米6。LaoZhangweighs80kilograms,butheisonly1.6meterstall.2.4.3大主语+（小主语+形容词谓语）1）他身体健康。Heishealthy./Heisingoodhealth.2)中国地大物博。Chinaisabigcountryaboundinginnaturalwealth.3)这部小说情节生动。Thisnovelisfascinatinginitsstory/plot.成百万原来享受公费医疗的城市居民，今后的医疗费用要自己承担一部分。Millionsofcitizenswhohaveenjoyedthefreemedicalcarehavetopaypartofmedicalfee.搞西洋画的，生活环境也应该洋一点。Peopledoingwestern-stylepaintingshouldbeprovidedwithbetterlivingconditionstomatchwithhiswesternstyle.那件事我已经办好了。Ihavehandledthematter.这个人我见过。Ihaveseenthepersonbefore.吃，北京很方便。ItisveryconvenienttoeatinBeijing.加入世贸组织利大于弊。ChinawillwitnessmorebenefitsthanlossesafteritsentryintoWTO.张三明天去美国，我觉得很奇怪。IamsurprisedthatZhangSanisgoingtotheUSAtomorrow.历史系开会，我可以跟李四提一提。IcantalktoLiSiaboutthismatterinthehistorydepartmentmeeting.信封里装不下这些照片。Thesephotoscannotbeenclosedinthisenvelope.桌上搁着一碗饭。Thereisabowlofriceonthetable.今天风和日暖。Todayissunny.这么快就盖好了一栋房子。Thehousewasbuiltsoon.在海拔3000米的高空采集到了这种空气样本。Thiskindofairsamplewascollectedattheattitudeof3000meter