英语的句子成分

1主语句子的主体，表明一个句子说的是谁或是什么事2谓语说明主语的动作或状态4宾语用在及物动词或介词后，表示动作的行为对象或介词某种联系的对象状态、身份、类属、所在地点等5补语用来补充说明宾语或主语的情况3表语用在系动词后面，表示主语的特征、英语的句子成分6定语用来限定或修饰名词一类的词7状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词及从句10十大词类等和句子成分间的关系(见下表)8同位语用在名词或代词后，对其作补充说明9与全句没有什么语法关系，用来独立成份表示说话人的语气、感情等实词虚词句子成分词类12345678910n.pronnumadjadvv.SVpredOPOCAttrAd同位语独立成分art.prepint.sub-前置后置非谓语动词、独立主格、短语及从句和句子成分间的关系类非谓语动词独立别ger.inf.part.主格各类短语从句句子成分S（名,数,动名词,不定式）VpredO（名,数,动名词,不定式）P（同上）形,副,介,分词Oc（同上）形,副,介,分词Attr.不定式,形,副,介,分词Ad表示肯定,否定的yes,no及不定式前的to是十大词类外的特殊单词同位语名,介,不定式such,as,or,thatis…独立成分不定式,形,介,分词,短句不定式,副,介,分词(名,形)介()TheEnd7.Themissinghaven’tbeenfoundyet.Theunemployedusuallyleadahardlife.“A”isanarticle.1主语I.主语可以用以下这些东西来表示：1.Aforeignlanguageisaweaponinthestruggleoflife.2.ThisisMaryspeaking.3.Two-thirdsofthedoctorstherearewomen.4.Thereisnotellingwhentheycangetready.5.Tofinishthenovelwilltakeupmuchofmysparetime.6.a.Thattheyfailedintheirattemptisentirelyunderstandable.b.Whetherwe’llgodependsontheweather.c.Whathashappenedprovesthatourpolicyisright.(名词)(代词)(数词)(动名词)(不定式)(从句)(名词化的其他词类)6.由从句担任主语a.由陈述句变化来的主语从句b.由一般、反意或选择问句变化来的主语从句c.由特殊问句变化来的主语从句3.a.It’sratherhottoday.b.It’sonlytenminutes’drivetotheairport.c.ItistheMid-AutumnFestival.II.以it作主语或形式主语的句子1.a.“What’sthis?”“It’saharvester.”b.“I’mtranslatingsomeofShelley’spoems.”“Oh,it’snotaneasyjob”2.a.“Whoismakingsuchanoise?”“Itmustbethechildren.”b.It’sthewindshakingthewindow.4.ItwasintheschoollibrarythatImethim.Whenwasitthatyouhadtheget-togetherwiththem?1.代替刚提到过的一个事物：a.指一个具体的东西b.指前面所谈的情况2.a.指做某个动作的人b.指引起某种情况的事物3.a.指自然现象b.指距离、环境等c.指时间、季节等4.it用来引起强调句：it没有词意，只帮助改变句子的结构，使某一成分得到强调。5.a.Itisfoolish(of…)tobestillworryingaboutit.It’snoteasy(forus)tolearnEnglishwell.b.Isitworthwhilemakingsuchanexperiment?6.a.Itwasclearthattheyhadnodesireforpeace.b.Itdoesn’tmatterwhetherheagreeswithme.c.Ithasn’tbeenmadeclearwhenthenewroadistobeopenedtotraffic.7.a.Itisapity(ashame,afact,anhonor,awonder,agoodthing,goodnews,nowonder)that…b.Itisstrange(natural,surprising,obvious,true,unusual,fortunate,wonderful,funny,impossible,unlikely)that…c.Itseems(happened,struckme,occurredtome)that…d.Itwassaid(reported,decided,expected,…)that…e.Itisdoubtful(notknown,notmadeclear,tobefoundout,tobedecided,beingconsidering,)+Itdoesn’tmatter(maketoomuchdifference)+whether/who,when,how…连接代/副词引起的从句5.做形式主语a.代替由不定式担任的主语b.代替由动名词担任的主语6.做形式主语代替由从句担任的主语a.由陈述句变化来的主语从句b.由一般、反意或选择问句变化来的主语从句c.由特殊问句变化来的主语从句7.能用这种从句做主语，用it做形式主语的结构，有下面几类：有人称,时态,语态和语气的变化；可分为两类：1.HemajorsinEnglish.3.Itwasproposedthattheculturalrelationsbetweenthetwocountries(should)beexpanded.1.Imaybewrong.We’dbetterhaveadoctorin.Wemustgivehimachancetoturnoveranewleaf.2.Wehavetodosomethingforthem.Thetrainisduetoarriveat7:30.Theydon’tseemtolikeidea.2谓语2.Theirstandardsoflivingaregoingupsteadily.I.简单谓语II.复合谓语(A)I.凡是由一个动词（包括短语动词）构成的，不管是什么时态、语态、语气，都是简单谓语：II.复合谓语由两部分构成，有以下两类：(A)带不定式的复合谓语（由情态动词或其他动词加不定式构成）1.不带to的不定式2.带to的不定式3.带复合宾语的句子变成的被动结构(B)带表语的复合谓语（由系动词或其他个别动词加表语构成3.Hewasoftenheardtosingthispatrioticsong.=Weoftenheardhimsingthispatrioticsong.Theyshouldbekeptinformedofwhatwearedoing.=Weshouldkeeptheminformedofwhatwearedoing.1.Itisapowerfulengine.2.Hisdreamshaveatlastcometrue.3.Theweathercontinuedfineforseveraldays.Hewasregardedasagenius.Thesurfacewasfinallypolishedsmooth.。Theyaresaidtobesearchingforthemissinggirl.(B)I.表语可以用以下这些东西来表示：1.Hestillremainedaheroinpeople’sminds.2.That’ssomethingwehavealwaystokeepinmind.3.Shewasthefirsttolearnaboutit.4.Hishairhasgonewhite.5.Heremainedstandingthereforacoupleofhours.Atlastthetruthbecameknown.6.Herjobissellingcomputers.7.Hiswishwastobecomeanartist.8.IsTomin?Themeetingwasn’tovertillmidnight.9.Thebridgeisunderconstruction.10.Myideaisthatweshouldsticktoouroriginalplan.Isthegas/recorderonoroff?Thatiswhywedecidedtoputthediscussionoff.3表语Theproblemiswhetherwe’llhaveenoughtime.(名词)(代词)(数词)(形容词)(分词)(动名词)(不定式)(副词)(介词短语)(从句)1.Hisfatherisaprofessorofphysics.2.HeistheheadofMary’sfamily.TheybecameAmericancitizensin2001.Mr.LiisdirectorofthedepartmentofEnglish.3.Theexperimentisveryimportant.=Theexperimentisofgreatimportance.4.Thechildrenwereexhaustedandsoontheyfellasleep.Themachine’soutoforder.5.I’mallfor/againsttheplan.Thewarwasn’tovertill1945.Theyaren’taround.Theproblemistofindasolution.ThisiswhereIwork..II.表语主要用来表示：Theapartmentistolet.类属身份特征状态其他一、表示主语具有某种状态、特征、类属、身份等1.is,am,are,was,were2.seem,appear3.look,sound,smell,taste,feela.Helooks(tobe)quiteold.b.Heseems(tobe)quiteold.c.Heappears(tobe)quiteold.Itlooksthatthebookistoodifficultforus.seemsHelookstoknowit.Itseemslikerain.seemslooksHelookslikehisfatherincharacter.is你姐姐长得什么样子？Whatdoesyoursisterlooklike?你姐姐是怎么一个人？Whatisyoursisterlike?III.系动词二、表示主语从某种状态等到另一种状态…的变化turn,become,get,go,fall,come,prove,1.gobad,gomad,gohungry,gosour,goblind/deaf,gobankrupt/broken,gogray,gooutofdateeg.a.Perhapsthemachinehasgonewrongb.Theoldmanwentcrazy.c.Thecheesesoongoesmoldyinhotweather.(go不与old,ill连用)3.Theyoungmanhasbecomeapoet/turnpoet.Inautumntheleaveswillturnyellow.Whenshewaslaughedat,herfaceturnedred.2.fallill/sick,fallsilenteg.Hefell