散货船配载、装卸货物操作须知

散货船配载、装卸货物操作须知散货船配载、装卸货物操作须知Bulkshipsstowageandloadinganddischargingcargooperatinginstructions1.到港前的操作Operationbeforearrivalatport1.1.合理配载Reasonablestowage大副在接到航次计划后，应编制配载图，送船长审核。Afterreceivingthevoyageplan,chiefofficershouldpreparestowageplan,transferittocaptainforreview.1.1.1.大副在编制配载图时，必须对船舶、货物、港口和航线的情况作充分了解，具体注意以下情况：ChiefOfficerinthepreparationofstowageplanmustcompletelyunderstandtheconditionsabouttheship,cargo,portandroute,specificattentionasfollows:1.1.1.1.本船的稳性资料，干舷规定，船舶强度；Informationontheship'sstability,freeboardrequirementsandshipstrength;1.1.1.2.本航次最大载货重量、载货容积，最适合的稳性和吃水差，各舱装货条件；Maximumladenweightandcargocapacityofthevoyage,themostsuitablestabilityandtrim,andtheloadingconditionsofallholds.1.1.1.3.货物的理化性质，包装情况，装载特殊要求；Thephysicalandchemicalpropertiesofcargos,theconditionofpacking,andspecialrequirementsforloading;1.1.1.4.港口航道水深，装卸设备及能力，有关装卸运输规定；Portchanneldepth,loadingandunloadingequipmentanditscapacity,theregulationsfortransportation;1.1.1.5.所要经过的航区气象情况。Weathersituationofthesailingareathatwouldbepassed.1.1.2.编制配载图的步骤Stepstopreparestowageplan1.1.2.1.核定航次货运量；Checkandapprovethecargovolumeofthevoyage;1.1.2.2.分配各舱载货吨数；Tonnagedistributionofthecargohold;1.1.2.3.向各舱安排货物；Arrangementcargostoeachhold;1.1.2.4.Testship’sstability,trimandstrength.1.1.2.5.检验稳性、吃水差、强度；Drawingthestowageplan1.1.3.配载图上要注意船名、航次、始发港、中途港、到达港及标明货物在舱内堆装位置、货物的名称、件数、重量、装货单号。Intowageplan,weshouldpayattentiontoship’sname,voyage,portofdeparture,intermediateport,theportofarrivalandthelocationmarkedofcargostowedinthehold,thecargo’sname,amount,weightandshippingordernumber.1.2.水手长带领水手清舱、洗舱，保持货舱清洁、干燥、无异味。Boatswainshouldleadsailorstocleanandwashholdstomaintaintheholdsclean,dryandnosmell.1.3.检查并配齐衬垫、隔票、绑扎等材料。Checkandprovideenoughliner,dunnage,lashingandothermaterials.2.靠泊后装货前的操作Operationsbeforeloadingafterberth2.1.电动机开舱Openholdswithelectromotor2.1.1.水手长指挥水手开舱，一名水手负责操作启舱电动机的启停，二名水手负责钢绳拉索的挂钩，一名水手在现场传达水手长指令，协助检查开舱过程的安全工作。Boatswainconductsailorstoopenthehatches,onesailortakeschargeofoperatingtheelectromotorstartandstop,twosailorsforhookthesteelwires,anotheronesailoratthesceneconveysBoatswaindirectivestoassistcheckingthesafetyworkofopenhatchesintheprocess.2.1.2.当钢绳拉索的挂钩在开启端扣挂好后，由水手长发出启舱电动机的启或停指令。Afterhitchingthesteelropelassoinopenendofhatchwell,boatswainwillgivedirectionswhenstartorstopelectromotortoopenthehatch.2.1.3.舱盖板开启后应检查是否全部已到位。Checkwhetherthehatchcoversstatedinrightplaceafteropening.2.2.电动液压开舱Openholdswithelectro-hydraulicpump2.2.1.水手长开动液压泵后指挥水手开舱，由一名水手负责操作启舱液压操纵阀，由二名水手在现场传达水手长指令，协助检查开舱过程的安全工作。Afterstartingthehydraulicpump,boatswaincommandssailorstoopenthehatches,onesailortakeschargeofoperatinghydrauliccontrolvalve,twosailorsatthesceneconveyboatswaininstructionstoassistcheckingthesafetyworkofopenhatchesintheprocess.2.2.2.操纵水手接到水手长顶升指令后，先拉动顶升操纵杆，在液压泵的作用下，顶升块慢慢顶起舱盖板，使舱盖板的滚子离开凹槽，与舱口面板走道平面相平，立即使顶升杆复位。Operationalsailor,afterreceivedtheinstructionfromboatswain,firstpullsthejoystick,undertheeffectofthehydraulicpump,thehatchcoverwillbeliftedslowlyastheblockrisesupsothattherollerofhatchcoverleavesthegrooveandkeepsflatwiththehatchcoveraisleplane,whichwillimmediatelymaketheliftingleverreset.2.2.3.检查正常后，操纵者将启舱操纵杆推向启舱位置，舱盖板在油马达、链轮、链条的带动下，向开启方向移动。Ifinspectionforhydraulicpumpisnormal,theoperatorwillpushthejoysticktothelocationofopeninghatch,thehatchcovermovestotheopeningdirectionintheeffectoftheoilmotor,sprockets,chain.2.2.4.舱盖板开启到位后，应加锁保险装置（对液压顶升启舱系统）。Afterthehatchcoverwasopenedinplace,safetydeviceofwhichshouldbelocked(tohydraulicjackingsystem).2.3.在装运有特殊要求的危险品、大件、矿砂时，大副应与港方联系，并向货主或港方索要货物的理化特性报告，进一步核实配载情况，落实水手看舱值班制度，并提出装货时的值班安全注意事项。若大件的重量和长度超过规定，矿砂的含水量超过8%，以及所装的货物会危及船舶安全的，大副应报告船长作出拒载的决定。Whenloadingandtransportingsuchcargosincludingdangerouscargos,bulkyandorewithspecialrequirements,thechiefofficershouldcontactwiththeportauthoritytoasktheownerorportauthorityforreportsofphysicalandchemicalcharacteristicsofcargos,andfurtherverifytheloadingconditions,confirmtheimplementationsystemofthesailorsondutytowatchholds,andproposeloadingsafetyprecautionswhenonduty.Iftheweightandlengthofbulkycargoexceedtheprovisions,themoisturecontentoforeismorethan8%,andtheloadedgoodswouldjeopardizethesafetyofships,whichthechiefofficershouldreporttocaptaintomakedecisionofrejection.3.装卸货时的操作Loadingandunloadingoperations3.1.值班水手在水手长的带领下，进行轮班看舱值班。Thesailorsondutyledbyboatswainwatchtheholdsbyturns.3.2.如装运大件，要求港方按规定垫好衬垫，并加固和防移绑扎。Ifshippingbulky,theportauthorityisrequiredtodunnageasregulations,strengthenandlashthecargosagainstmoving.3.3.若需隔票的货物，应检查隔票的完整性。Ifcargosneedseparating,shouldchecktheseparationintegrity.3.4.装货时各舱应同时装，装货的数量比例应基本相近，保证船舶承受应力一致，切不可个别装满而其他舱空舱现象。Everyholdshouldsimultaneouslybeloadedwhenloading,theloadingamountproportionkeepssimilar,whichensuretheshipstressconsistent,itisnotallowedthatindividualholdisfullandtheotheroneisempty.3.5.装货时，大副应密切注意船舶吃水的变化，及时与港方联系，改变装卸方式，保证船舶吃水差在正常值内。Whenloading,thechiefofficershouldpaycloseattentiontochangesoftheship'sdraftandcontactwithportauthorityintimetochangetheworkingmethods,ensuringtheshiptriminthenormalvalues.3.6.装货时，如遇下雨应及时关舱。若有大风等恶劣天气的影响，船长应根据港口条件