新视野大学英语综合教程3 课文及课文翻译Unit3

新视野大学英语综合教程3课文及课文翻译Unit3VincentvanGogh1BetweenNovemberof1881andJulyof1890,VincentvanGoghpaintedalmost900paintings,butneverachievedfame.Yetsincehisdeath,hehasbecomeoneofthemostcelebratedpaintersintheworld.2ThetwomostimportantbutapparentlyindependentfeaturesaboutvanGoghwhichmostpeopleknowaboutarehisspectacular,almostexplosive,useofcolourandthepoorstateofhismentalhealth,whichbroughthislifetoasadend.3Yet,accordingtomedicalresearchsincevanGogh'sdeath,itnowseemsthatthesetwofeaturesmaybelinked,andthathismentalhealthmayhavecontributedtohisartisticstyle,notjustattheendofhislife,butatearliertimesaswell.4VanGoghwasborninHollandin1853,andhisearlycareerworkingforaninternationalartdealertookhimtoLondon,ParisandBelgium.Whenhedecidedtobecomeapainterin1880withthesupportofhisbrotherTheo,hisearlyworkwas,notsurprisingly,filledwiththegloomylightofNorthernEurope.5InParisvanGoghmetmanyoftheartistslaterknownasImpressionists,suchasDegas,Toulouse-Lautrec,PissarroandGauguin.Hisstylechangedundertheirinfluence,andbecamelighterandbrighter.Heusedsmallstrokesofprimarycolours(red,blueandyellow)andcomplementarycolours(purple,orangeandgreen).HewasalsosensitivetothemoreabstractstyleofGauguin'spaintings,whereshapesofobjectsarerepresentedbydistinctzonesofcolour.6Yetdespiteworkinginsuchanencouragingatmosphere,vanGoghcouldnotequalhisfriends'growingsuccess.Hewasunabletopayformodels,andsohepaintedalargenumberofself-portraits,whichmayindicatehispotentialforsoulsearching.7VanGoghsoongrewdiscouragedwithhislifeinParis,andmovedtoArlesinthesouthofFrance,where,drawnbythesunshine,hehopedtoestablishanartists'community.Hefeltliberatedbythepeople,thebuildingsandthescenerythere,andpaintedthemwithvivid,passionatecoloursandacheerfulnesswhichwasnewtohimandhiscareer.HewaskeenforGauguintovisithim,andfinallypersuadedhimtomakethejourney.ThepaintingsofSunflowersandhishomewerepartlyintendedasawelcometoGauguin,partlyareflectionofhishappiness.ButbecauseoftheintensityofvanGogh'sfriendshipforhimandhostiledisagreementsabouttheirworkingmethods,GauguinleftArles.Atthisevent,vanGoghcutoffpartofhisownrightear.8VanGoghspentseveraldesperateperiodsinamentalhospitaloverthenexttwoyearsbecauseofhisdepressionandhisconcernthathehadheardvoices.Hisstylebecamemoreexperimental,withstrongerlinesandsharpercolours,alwaysdominatedbythegreenoftheolivetrees,theblueoftheskyandthespectacularyellowofthesun.Thiswastheperiodofhisgreatestoutputandsomesuccess,withthefamousTheStarryNightandotherpaintingsbeingwell-receivedbycriticsattheannualexhibitioninParis.9Buttheseveryproductiveperiodswerematchedbymomentswhendespairprevailed,duringwhichhedoubtedhisabilitytocreateaworkofvalue.Inadelicatestateofmind,vanGoghreturnedtoafriendnearParisandcontinuedhiswork.In1890heshothimself,takingtwodaystodie.10Sowhatisthelinkbetweenhisloveofintensecolourandhisdestructivementalstate?11Wenowknowmoreaboutmentalandphysicalillness,andtheireffects.VanGoghsufferedfromepilepsy,anillnesswhichleadstofits,andwhichmayhavebeencausedbyadefectinthebrainatbirth.Thiswasmadeworsebydrinkingabsinthe,apopularbutdangerousalcoholoftendrunkbyartistsatthetime.Hisdoctorprescribedadrugwhichcancausethepatienttoseeeverythinginyellowortoseeyellowspots.ThismayhavebeenwhyvanGoghlovedthecolour.12VanGoghexperiencedasurgeofactivity,afterwhichhebecametiredanddepressed.Wenowrecognizethesetobesymptomsofbipolardisorder.Healsousedlead-basedpaints,exposuretowhichcanleadtoleadpoisoning.Oneofthesymptomsofleadpoisoningisaswellingoftheretinasintheeyes,whichcancauseonetoseelightincirclesaroundobjects.WecanseethiseffectinpaintingssuchasTheStarryNight.13Anotherconditionlinkedtoepilepsyandmanicbehaviouristhespontaneousneedtowritecontinuously.VanGoghwroteover800letterstohisbrother,Theo,whichmightbetheresultofthiscondition.14VanGoghwantedhispaintingstoberealistic,soheworkedoutdoors.Someoftheepisodesofaggressivenessandfeelingsickmaybetheeffectsofsunstroke.15Finally,hearingvoicesisawell-establishedsymptomofschizophrenia,aseriousmentalillnesswhichchangestherelationshipbetweenwhatyouthinkandreality.16Wetalkaboutthegeniusnecessarytoproducegreatworksofart.InvanGogh'scase,hisgenius,especiallyinhisuseofcolour,maybeduetohismentalhealth.Asartlovers,weacknowledgethatvanGoghproducedsomeofthegreatestpaintingstheworldhaseverknown,andgaveinspirationtosomanylaterartists.Butweshouldnotoverlookthementaltorturehesufferedforhisart.文森特?凡?高在1881年11月至1890年7月之间，文森特?凡?高大约画了900幅画，却没有成名。但自从他死后，他成了世界上最负盛名的画家之一。大部分人所知道的凡?高的两个最重要但显然互不相关的特点是：他对色彩神奇、几乎具有爆发力的运用以及他糟糕的精神状态，后者最终导致他生命悲剧性的结束。但是，根据凡?高死后的医学调查，现在看来这两个特点可能是彼此相关的，无论是在他生命的最后还是更早的时期，他的精神状况都可能影响了他的艺术风格。凡?高于1853年出生于荷兰，早年替一位国际艺术商工作，因此他去过伦敦、巴黎及比利时。1880年在他弟弟西奥的支持下，他决定成为一个画家，因此，他早期的作品充满了北欧昏暗的光线。在巴黎，凡?高遇到了许多后来被称为印象主义派的艺术家，如德加、土鲁斯-劳特累克、毕沙罗、高庚。他的风格受到他们的影响而发生了改变，变得轻快而明亮。他使用细微线条的原色（红、蓝、黄）和补色（紫、橙、绿）。他还对高庚画作的相对抽象风格很敏感，在高庚的画作中，物体的形状都通过不同的颜色区域表现出来。但是，尽管在这样激励人心的气氛下工作，凡?高还是没法与他那些越来越成功的朋友们相比。他付不起钱请模特，所以他画了很多自画像，那些自画像可能展现了他探索内心的天赋。凡?高很快就对他在巴黎的生活感到气馁，所以他搬到了法国南部的亚尔，那儿的阳光吸引了他，他希望在那儿成立一个画家之家。他感觉自己从那儿的人、建筑物及景色中得到释放，所以他用生动而充满.的色彩，用他自己和他的事业中从未有过的振奋来描绘他们。他热切地希望高庚来看他并且最终说服了高庚前