SAT标准讲义(完整版)

综述题型分类SAT考试中的语法部分分为IE(IdentifyingSentenceErrors)IS(ImprovingSentences)IP(ImprovingParagraphs)题型考察介绍IE题型主要对词类的语法点进行考察，其难度与老托福的语法题差不多IS题型则在句子结构的基础上对句法进行考察，比如：主谓一致、平行结构等等，其题型特征与GMAT有些相似IP是在文章的整体框架下对考生在词、句、及段落三个语法层次上进行考察难度分析IS题型IP题型IE题型SAT语法SECTION及时间分配判分标准语法部分可根据以下公式计算实际正确题数正确题数－错误题数/4＝实际正确题数然后将实际正确题数结合写作分数在OG中查出自己的对应得分范围参考用书黄皮书BARRONOGIEISIPSAT语法题型范围关系IdentifyingSentenceErrors(IE)1.动词2.代词3.形容词词法4.副词考点5.名词6.介词7.连词句法IE考点归纳动词考点主谓一致平行结构时态虚拟语气过去式、过去分词拼写误用IE考点归纳动词：主谓一致①主语单复数概念audience,population,team,family,group,country,state,county,city在表示整体实均表示单数的概念，谓语动词应使用单数形式②倒转语序的主谓一致完全倒装部分倒装③就近一致的主谓关系or,eitheror,notonly...butalso..,neither…nor…,not...but...④with,plus,alongwith,aswellas等紧随主语的情况下，谓语单复数由最前面的主语决定IE考点归纳动词：主谓一致①对于正常语序的主谓一致，需要注意一下敏感的动词，比如：当题中出现动词/助动词has/have及系动词am/is/are/was/were时，要优先注意其主语（助动词has/have及系动词属于敏感考点）Thefieldofconsumerelectronicshavebeenneverbeenfixed;DVDsreplaceVHStapestoday,justasCDsreplacedcassettetapesinthepast.Noerror（助动词has/have考点）Theexistenceofconsistentrulesareimportantifateacherwantstorunaclassroomefficiently.Noerror（系动词考点）动词：主谓一致②倒装句式的主谓一致：对于此种结构，要培养识别倒装的能力1.Airpollutioncausedbyindustrialfumeshasbeenstudiedforyears,butonlyrecentlyhastheharmfuleffectsofnoisepollutionbecomeknown.Noerror（部分倒装：only+副词+引导部分倒装）2.BetweenthesmallshopsandboutiquesofGreenwichVillageandthegiantdepartmentstoresofmidtownManhattanlietheethnicallyvariedresidentialneighborhoodofChelsea.Noerror（完全倒装：介宾完全倒装）3.Alsosupportedbythecommissionwastheproposedhealthclinicsandtheproposedcentertodistributeinformationonjob-trainingopportunities.Noerror（完全倒装：主系表完全倒装）IE考点归纳动词：主谓一致③就近一致中的主谓一致：在以下短语出现时，应使用就近一致原则来选择适当的动词形式：either…or…,neither…nor…,notonly…butalso…,not…but…等等例：Whenheconfrontedtheteacher,ashedidafteralmosteverytest,thestudentwasadamantthatneitherthequestionnortheanswerchoiceswasfair.Noerror（就近一致中的主谓一致）IE考点归纳动词：平行结构主要考察:①动词的主谓一致的平行结构例：Recentlycompleted,thenewmaglevtrainlinksshanghaitothePudongAirportandeliminatingamajorsourceofcongestionbetweenthetwodestinations.Noerror②动词时态（形式）的平行结构例：Despitehavingnoformaltraining,Jackiewasnonethelessabletomasterthepianobylisteningtorecordings,readinginstructionalbooks,andshepracticedonherown.NoerrorIE考点归纳动词：时态一般进行完成过去●▲▲现在●▲●将来●▲●▲代表高频错误时态IE考点归纳动词：时态高频错误时态（过去完成时、进行时）ManybiographershadstatedthatSamuelLangClemenschangedhisnametoMarkTwaintoechotheriverboatcaptain’scallascertainingthesatenavigationdepthoftheMississippiriver.Noerror（考察动词过去完成时）Despiterecentcontroversyoverballot-punching,whichhasdiscouragedsomepeoplefromvoting,in2004manyU.S.citizenswillattempttoelectaPresidentwhowillberepresentingtheirviewsontheissues.Noerror（考察动词进行时）IE考点归纳动词：虚拟语气①出现特征：if引导虚拟语气从句（if条件句）主句过去haddonewouldhavedone现在didwoulddo将来woulddoweretodowould(could,might,should)doIE考点归纳动词：虚拟语气①出现特征：if引导虚拟语气例：Jason’soldersister,knownforherdiligence,smuglyremindedhimthatifhewouldhaveplannedaheadinsteadofprocrastinating,hewouldnothavehadtowritehisentireresearchpaperinjustoneweekend.NoerrorIE考点归纳动词：虚拟语气②出现特征：动词引导的虚拟语气表示建议：recommend,suggest,advice表示要求：insist,demand,request表示命令：command,order例：Intryingtocapturetheessenceofaportrait,theartistfrequentlykeepshismodeslate,insistingthattheycompletedthejobinordertobepaid.NoerrorIE考点归纳动词：过去式、过去分词拼写形式主要考察考生对动词时态形式的记忆：例：lie-lay-lain躺下lie-lied-lied撒谎lay-laid-laid放lay-laid-laid下蛋IE考点归纳动词：误用考察考生区分形近动词的意思例：Thetypicalindividualwhoimmigratesfromhisnativecountryinpursuitofemploymentismorelikelytohaveabachelor’sorpostgraduatedegreethanisthetypicalU.S.citizen.Noerror(Immigrate-emigrate)类似还有：infer-imply,capture-captivate,IE考点归纳代词考点主格宾格错误单复数指代不清代词错误使用平行结构IE考点归纳代词：主格宾格错误确定主宾格的核心原则：代词充当主语还是宾语小练习Heistallerthanme.(Iam)Whoisit?Itisme.(I)Iknowhimwhostudiesdiligentlyeachnight.(him,who)IE考点归纳代词：代词错误使用①使用错误:（即：不应该使用代词）Uponreviewingamapofhisproperty,Johnrealizedthathecouldnotbuildthebarnwherehehadintendedbecauseitbelongedtoaneighboringfarmer.Noerror②指代错误：（代词的所指内容与指代对象不符）ManyofthestudentswhichwerechosenfortheNationalStudentLeadershipConferenceoptedfortheU.S.PoliticsandPoliciesprogram;theyspentseveraldaysattendingCongressionaleventsandtouringthecapitol’ssights.NoerrorIE考点归纳代词：代词错误使用③歧义:EugeneNeill,whoistypicallyregardedasAmerica’sgreatestplaywright,receivedcriticalacclaimforTheIcemanCometh,aplaywhereagroupofoutcastsseekssalvation.Noerror(where:inwhichorfromwhich)IE考点归纳代词：平行结构人称上的一致＋单复数一致例：Ifonedoesnotenjoyfearlesspigeonslandingyouforfood,oneshouldavoidSt.Mark’sSquatinVenice.NoerrorWhenoneissittinginacrowdedtheatre,surroundedbyanaudiencethathaspaidgoodmoneytoseeaplayofsuchhistoricalsignificance,theleastyoucandoistorefrainfromunnecessaryconversation.NoerrorIE考点归纳形容词、副词考点形容词/副词修饰错误比较级、最高级平行结构语意重复误用IE考点归纳形容词、副词①形容词、副词修饰错误修饰对象：形容词→名词，副词→形容词、动词Completedexhaustedfromaharddayatwork,Evelynfellasleeponthebusand,whenshefinallyawoke,foundthatshehadmissedherstop.Noerror②比较级、最高级CellularphonesareoneofthelesstechnologiesthatbecamemorepopularinEuropethaninAmericawhenfirstintroduced.NoerrorIE考点归纳形容词、副词③平行结构Noneofthetaskswasharderthanthatwhichoccupiedhisattentionduringthefirstthreeweeksofhisadministration;itprovedneitheraneasytasknorsimpletou