英语语法

英语语法EnglishGrammar爱上英语系列讲座之三TheaimofthisbookistoprovideteachersandstudentswithafreshapproachtothinkingaboutEnglishgrammar.(sentence)NP(名词短语）theaimofthisbooVP（谓语动词）is…(phrases)of,aim,the,book,this,is,to,teacher,provide,and,student,a,with,fresh,to,approach,think,English,about,grammar(words/lexicon)代号例句实义词名词NThereisnowater.动词VHemustthinkaboutit.形容词APassmetheredbook.副词AdvHetreatsmewell.介词PIdon’tagreewithhim.功能词限定词DSomeboysagreewithhim.代词PronHeneedsus.助动词AuxJohncanhelpyou.Hewantsyoutostay.标句词CIknowthathe’llcome.连词ConjYoucantakethisorthat.实义词类的词法特征1名词：agirl–twogirls,foot–feet2.动词：原型—第三人称单数—ing分词—过去式—ed分词draw—---draws—-------drawing—drew—--drawn3.形容词：pretty—prettier—prettiest4.副词：quickly—morequickly–mostquickly5.介词：无词法特征功能语类没有词法特征各词类的句法特征名词：Hewantsno_____computer/friends/advice/*eat/*small/*along.动词：Anybodymust_____think/eat/die/fail/*big/*student/*quickly形容词：Heisa(n)_____worker.good/responsible/skilled/*slowly/*workHeisvery______.well/funny/sleepy/*aworker副词：Hebehaves_____.well/appropriately/*skilled/*work介词：Hedraws____crayons.Shewentstraight_____.Thearrowwentright_____thecentre.with/in/through冠词（article):a,an,the指示代词（demostrativedeterminer):this,that,these,those物主代词（possessivedeterminer):my,your,his,her,our,their,its名词所有格（possessivenouns):John’s,yesterday’s…不定代词（indefinitedeterminer):some,any,every,each,many,several…限定词:在句中对名词起限定作用athickdifficultEnglishbookthoseoldclothes*amyEnglishbook*oldthoseclothes*thoseyouroldclothes代词人称代词（personalpronoun):I,you,she,he,they,me,her,him,them,it，we*Thestudentsareforeigners.TheycomefromFrance.*Idon’tlikedogsbecausetheysometimesbite.助动词（auxiliary)助词：will,do,be,have,hasThemajorwillinvitethevisitortodinner.情态动词：can,may,must,will,should,oughtto…Youmaygotoschoolyourself.小品词：toIwanthimtospeakthetruth.Ididityesterday.Hedoesn’tlikeEnglish.Iamgoingtobeastudent.标句词（complementizer):名词性分句和不定式分句的引导词that,if,for,whether*Ithought(that)hecouldn'tcome.•Hisparentsareanxiousforhimtomarryher.•Thathecouldn’tcomewasexpected.•Iwonderwhethertostayon.连词(conjunction):and,or…*beforeorafterlunch.*getupanddothewashingup.只能引导时态分句只能引导不定式分句除了引导时态分句外可以引导带隐形主语的不定式分句代词人称代词I，you，he，she，they，me，you，him，her，them，we物主代词my/mine，his/his，their/theirs……指示代词this，that，these，those……反身代词myself，himself，themselves……疑问代词who，what，which…不定代词some，many，both…关系代词which，who，what，who，that…相互代词eachother，oneanother…限定词反身代词myself,yourself,herself,himself,itself,ourselves,yourselvesthemselves另外：one的反身代词为oneself*做宾语e.g.Weenjoyedourselvesverymuchlastnight.我们昨晚玩得很开心。Icouldnotdress（myself）upatthattime.那个时候我不能打扮我自己。*作表语，如结构beoneself.例如：e.g.Iamnotmyselftoday.我今天不舒服。*作同位语e.g.Thethingitselfisnotimportant.事情本身并不重要。*在不强调的情况下，but，except，for等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。e.g.Noonebutmyself（me）ishurt.*注意：反身代词本身不能单独作主语。但在and，or，nor连接的并列主语中，第二个主语可用反身代词，特别是myself作主语。e.g.Charlesandmyselfsawit.查尔斯和我看见了这件事。*Sheisourteacher.*--Whosepenishere?---It’smine*Whoisthere?It’sme.*Itisreportedthatpeoplekilledbyflueveryyearismorethanthoseinagreatwar.*Sheexciseseverydaywhichmakesherslimandhealth.*OutsidestandsthepostmanwhoisJack’scousin.*-----Who'syourMr.Right?—Somebodytall.*Thirtypeoplecamesomestayeduntiltheendbutmanyleftearly.*Theytookouttheirresentmentsoneachother.数词表示“多少”和“第几”的词，叫数词（Numeral，Num.）。其用法相当于名词或者形容词。数词分为基数词和序数词两种。疑问词疑问词是疑问代词“who,whom,what,which,whose”和疑问副词“when,where,how,why”。感叹词是用来表示说话时表达的喜怒哀乐等情感的词。它不构成后面句子的一个语法成分，却在意义上与它有关连，后面的句子一般说明这种情绪的性质、原因。名词动词形容词副词介词连词代词数词感叹词疑问词助动词不定式动名词现在分词过去分词从句主语subject名词，代词，数词，动词不定式，动名词，从句谓语predicate谓语动词（动词+时态+语态+人称+数+格+情态）助动词+谓语动词表语predicative名词，代词，形容词，分词，数词，不定式，介词短语，副词，从句宾语object介词宾语动词宾语名词，代词，数词，动名词，动词不定式，从句名词，代词，数词，动名词，从句定语attribute名词，形容词，数词，分词及短语，不定式，介词短语，从句状语adverb副词，名词，介词短语，分词及短语，不定式，从句补语complement名词，形容词，介词短语，分词及短语，不定式补语=宾语补语/主语补语（名词，形容词，介词短语，分词及短语，不定式）Theyelectedmecaptainoftheteam.（名词短语做宾语补语）Iwaselectedcaptainoftheteam.(名词短语做主语补语）Hemademeashamedofmyself.(形容词短语）Wefoundeverythingthereingoodorder.(介词短语）Ishouldadviseyounottomissthechance.(不定式）Icouldfeelmyheartbeatingfast.(分词短语）1.Theclayofhumanityismadesoftandpliablebythewaterofidealism,butthestuffthatholdsittogetherisafteralltheclayitself,orwemightallevaporateintoAriels.SS1S2S2.1S2.2butorTheclayofhumanity主语ismade谓语softandpliable主补bythewaterofidealism状语thestuffthatholdsittogether主语定语is谓语afterall状语theclayitself表语同位语主语谓语状语TheaimofthisbookistoprovideteachersandstudentswithafreshapproachtothinkingaboutEnglishgrammar.主语谓语表语状语Theadvertisementsdeclarethatactiveingredientsstimulatecellsdeepintheskin’slayerstodivide,soreplacingoldcellsandeffectivelyrenewingtheskin.主语谓语动词宾语主语谓语动词宾语形容词短语做定语动词不定式做状语省略theyare并列谓语的一部分SSS1S1aS1b•Tillingmeanspreparationthesoiltoplanttheseedsandkeepingthesoilinthebestconditiontohelpthecropgrowuntilitisreadyforharvesting.•TothecitizensoftheUnitedStates,thebaldeagle,America’snationalbird，symbolizestrengthandfreedom.•Theathlete,togetherwithhiscoachandseveralrelatives，aretravelingtotheOlympicGames.•AdellaPrentissHrghesservedasmanageroftheClevelandOrchestrasincefifteenyears.•ThepoetMarianneMoorewasinitiallyassociatedwiththeimagistmovement,butlaterdevelop