argumentation英语写作议论文PPT

1Argumentationisthetypeofwritinginwhichwriterstrytoencouragereaderstoaccepttheirpointofviewonacontroversialissue.Apieceofargumentativewrittenworkexpressesthewriter’sownideaonasubjectinsteadofmerelyassemblingfacts.2Toconvince.Makethereaderagreewithitspointofviewandsupportit,topersuadehimtochangehismindorbehavior,andtoapproveapolicyoracourseofactionthatitproposes.3WhatitinvolvesWhatitaimsatExposition1.Presentingapointofview2.Explaining,clarifying,andillustratingthepointofviewGettingreaderstounderstandthepointofviewArgumentation1.Assumingcontroversy2.Presentingapointofview3.Explaining,clarifying,andillustratingthepointofview4.Supplyingproofforthepointofview5.Refutingopposingviewpoints1.Convincingreadersthatthepointofviewissound2.Encouragingreaderstoacceptthepointofview,and/or3.Encouragingreaderstotakeaction4Whileanexpositionmakesknownsomethingandexplainsittomakethereaderunderstand,anargumentationmakesthereaderagreewithitspointofviewandsupportit,topersuadehimtochangehismindorbehavior,andtoapproveapolicyoracourseofactionthatitproposes.5Examination–HarmfulorUseful?MyViewsonExaminationsWhichWeighsMore–SchoolBrandorMajor?WhyICametoCollegeShouldClassAttendanceBeRequired?Laid-offWorkersHavetoFaceRealityInternet–theIndispensableofOurLifeShouldEuthanasia(安乐死)BeLegalized?AEAEAEEA6①Introduction:Issue;Backgroundinformation;Definitionofterms.②Claim:Thesisstatement.③Body:Reasonsandevidence;Emotionalappeals;Refutation(反驳).④Conclusion:Restatementofclaim;Finalappeal;Urgetotakeaction.7Theissue–acontroversy,aproblem,oranideaaboutwhichpeopledisagreeandholddifferentpointsofview.Theclaim–thepointofviewthewritertriestoproveabouttheissue,usuallythewriter’sviewontheissue.Thesupport–ideasandinformationintendedtoconvincereadersthattheclaimissoundorbelievable.Thethreecommontypesofsupportarereasons,evidenceandemotionalappeal.8(1)Adebatablepoint(2)Sufficientevidence(3)Clearlogic(4)Anhonestandfriendlyattitude(5)Gooduseoftheotherthreetypesofwriting–description,narration,andespeciallythevariousmethodsofexposition.9Intheopeningparagraphgiveawell-definedtheme,orclearlystateyourpointofviewoftheissue.Itisimperativethatthepapershouldhaveadebatablepointsomethingcanbeviewedfrommorethanoneangleandisthereforeopentodispute.101.AvoidmerestatementoffactsChinesedoctorsuseacupunctureanesthesiatoperformcertainoperations.Acupunctureanesthesiashouldreplaceconventionalanesthesiainalloperations.Certainelectronicequipmenthavebeenusedinroadcontrol.Electronicequipmentshouldbeappliedinallroadcontrol.11topic+yourposition/stand◦Althoughmanyyoungpeoplewouldagreethatthosewhoareoldenoughtovote,fight,anddiefortheircountryareoldenoughtodriveresponsibly,thedrinkingageshouldremaintwenty-onebecauseofthedangersofalcohol-relatedaccidentsandthelackofalcoholeducationprograms.12Providesufficientevidence①Examplesconcrete,illustrative,representative②Factsreadilyaccepted,bebasedonpersonalobservation③Statisticsavoidpresentingalonglistoffigures④AuthoritiesthosewhoareexperiencedandknowledgeableincertainfieldsValidevidenceisthatwhichisclearlyanddirectlyconnectedwiththepointtobeproved.13FromtheleastimportanttothemostimportantFromthemostfamiliartotheleastfamiliarFromtheeasiestforthereadertoacceptorcomprehendtothemostdifficult14InductivereasoningIsthemorecommonway.Whenyouuseinduction,youstartwithfactsandproceedfromfactstoageneralconclusion.Inotherwords,youmovefromspecificexamplestoageneralstatement.15Deductivereasoning演绎Theprocessisjusttheoppositeofinductivereasoning–itmovesfromageneralstatementtoaspecificconclusion.Itworksonthemodelofsyllogism（三段论法）–athree-partargumentinwhichtherearetwostatements,knownasthemajorpremiseandtheminorpremise,andaconclusion.16Majorpremises:Bigcitycanbedangerous.Majorpremises:NewYorkisoneofthebigcities.Conclusion:NewYorkcanbedangerous.ORMajorpremises:Allhumanbeingsmakemistakes.Majorpremises:Xisahumanbeing.Conclusion:Therefore,Xmakesmistakes.17Thepurposeistowinreaderstoyourside.Byshowingrespectforthemeritintheirposition,youaredecreasingreaders’resistancetoyourownposition.Besides,italsoprovesthatyouunderstandthatnoarguablepositionisabsolutelyright.18ShouldUniversityStudentsGoinforBusiness?19Therearetwooppositeviewsonuniversitystudents’tryingtheirhandsatbusiness.Oneisthatdoingbusinesshelpstoadaptbettertothesocietyaftergraduation,whiletheothersaysitmightoccupytoomuchofthestudents’timeandenergywhichinturnhasanegativeimpactontheiracademicstudy.Inmyopinion,aslongaswecansuccessfullystrikeabalancebetweendoingbusinessandstudying,theadvantagesoftheformeraremoreobvious.20First,itletsusputwhatwehavelearnedtopractice.Infact,doingbusinessisnotthateasyaswehaveexpected.Itrequiresgoodcommunicationskill,negotiationknacks(诀窍),presentationcapabilities,andsoon.Althoughwecanlearnallthesefromtextbooks,theyaretheoreticalonly.Andtherealsituationsarefarmorecomplicated.Aslongasweputtheoriesintopractice,wecangrasptheiressencebetter.Thatisalsowhyatpresent,moreuniversitiesemphasizingonthechancetodobusinessourselves,whyshouldwenothaveatry?2