2010年6月-2013年12月英语六级深度阅读真题及答案

12012年6月英语六级SectionBDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswersheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Asanyonewhohastriedtoloseweightknows,realisticgoal-settinggenerallyproducesthebestresults.That'spartiallybecauseitappearspeoplewhosetrealisticgoalsactuallyworkmoreefficiently,andexertmoreeffort,toachievethosegoals.What'sfarlessunderstoodbyscientists,however,arethepotentiallyharmfuleffectsofgoal-setting.Newspapersrelaydailyaccountsofgoal-settingprevalentinindustriesandbusinessesupanddownbothWallStreetandMainStreet,yettherehasbeensurprisinglylittleresearchonhowthelong-trumpetedpracticeofsettinggoalsmayhavecontributedtothecurrenteconomiccrisis,andunethical(不道德的)behavioringeneral.“Goalsarewidelyusedandpromotedashavingreallybeneficialeffects.Andyet,thesamemotivationthatcanpushpeopletoexertmoreeffortinaconstructivewaycouldalsomotivatepeopletobemorelikelytoengageinunethicalbehaviors,”saysMauriceSchweitzer,anassociateprofessoratPenn’sWhartonSchool.“Itturnsoutthere’snoeconomicbenefittojusthavingagoal---youjustgetapsychologicalbenefit”Schweitzersays.“Butinmanycases,goalshaveeconomicrewardsthatmakethemmorepowerful.”AprimeexampleSchweitzerandhiscolleaguesciteisthe2004collapseofenergy-tradinggiantEnron,wheremanagersusedfinancialincentivestomotivatesalesmentomeetspecificrevenuegoals.Theproblem,Schweitzersays,istheactualtradeswerenotprofitable.Otherstudieshaveshownthatsaddlingemployeeswithunrealisticgoalscancompelthemtolie,cheatorsteal.Suchwasthecaseintheearly1990swhenSearsimposedasalesquotaonitsautorepairstaff.Itpromptedemployeestooverchargeforworkandtocompleteunnecessaryrepairsonacompanywidebasis.Schweitzerconcedeshisresearchrunscountertoaverylargebodyofliteraturethatcommendsthemanybenefitsofgoal-setting.Advocatesofthepracticehavetakenissuewithhisteam’suseofsuchevidenceasnewsaccountstosupporthisconclusionthatgoal-settingiswidelyover-prescribedInarebuttal(反驳)paper,Dr.EdwinLockewrites:“Goal-settingisnotgoingaway.Organizationscannotthrivewithoutbeingfocusedontheirdesiredendresultsanymorethananindividualcanthrivewithoutgoalstoprovideasenseofpurpose.”2ButSchweitzercontendsthe“mountingcausalevidence”linkinggoal-settingandharmfulbehaviorshouldbestudiedtohelpspotlightissuesthatmeritcautionandfurtherinvestigation.“Evenafewnegativeeffectscouldbesolargethattheyoutweighmanypositiveeffects,”hesays.“Goal-settingdoeshelpcoordinateandmotivatepeople.Myideawouldbetocombinethatwithcarefuloversight,astrongorganizationalculture,andmakesurethegoalsthatyouusearegoingtobeconstructiveandnotsignificantlyharmtheorganization,”Schweitzersays.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。52.Whatmessagedoestheauthortrytoconveyaboutgoal-setting?DA)Itsnegativeeffectshavelongbeenneglected.B)Thegoalincreasepeople’sworkefficiency.C)Itsrolehasbeenlargelyunderestimated.D)Thegoalsmostpeoplesetareunrealistic.53.WhatdoesMauriceSchweitzerwanttoshowbycitingtheexampleofEnron?AA)Settingrealisticgoalscanturnafailingbusinessintosuccess.B)Businessesarelesslikelytosucceedwithoutsettingrealisticgoals.C)Financialincentivesensurecompaniesmeetspecificrevenuegoals.D)Goalswithfinancialrewardshavestrongmotivationalpower.54.HowdidSears’goal-settingaffectitsemployees?BA)Theywereobligedtoworkmorehourstoincreasetheirsales.B)Theycompetedwithoneanothertoattractmorecustomers.C)Theyresortedtounethicalpracticetomeettheirsalesquota.D)Theyimprovedtheircustomerserviceonacompanywidebasis.55.Whatdoadvocatesofgoal-settingthinkofSchweitzer’sresearch?BA)Itsfindingsarenotofmuchpracticalvalue.B)Itexaggeratesthesideeffectsofgoal-setting.3C)Itsconclusionisnotbasedonsolidscientificevidence.D)Itrunscountertotheexistingliteratureonthesubject.56.WhatisSchweitzer’scontentionagainstEdwinLocke?AA)Thelinkbetweengoal-settingandharmfulbehaviordeservesfurtherstudy.B)Goal-settinghasbecometoodeep-rootedincorporateculture.C)Thepositiveeffectsofgoal-settingoutweighitsnegativeeffects.D)Studyinggoal-settingcanthrowmorelightonsuccessfulbusinesspractices.PassageTwoQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Formostofthe20thcentury,Asiaaskeditselfwhatitcouldlearnfromthemodern,innovatingWest.Nowthequestionmustbereversed.WhatcantheWest’soverlyindebtedandsluggish(经济滞长的)nationslearnfromaflourishingAsia?Justafewdecadesago,Asia’stwogiantswerestagnating(停滞不前)underfaultyeconomicideologies.However,onceChinabeganembracingfree-marketreformsinthe1980s,followedbyIndiainthe1990s,bothcountriesachievedrapidgrowth.Crucially,astheyopeneduptheirmarkets,theybalancedmarketeconomywithsensiblegovernmentdirection.AstheIndianeconomistAmartyaSenhaswiselysaid,“Theinvisiblehandofthemarkethasoftenreliedheavilyonthevisiblehandofgovernment.”ContrastthismiddlepathwithAmericaandEurope,whichhaveeachgoneideologicallyover-boardintheirownways.Sincethe1980s,Americahasbeenincreasinglyclingingtotheideologyofuncontrolledfreemarketsanddismissingtheroleofgo