外刊改编-概要写作解析(6篇)

1主题语境：人与自然主题群：灾害防范语篇类型：议论文来源：ScientificAmerican,201808Wordcount：384FleschReadingEase：42.6Flesch-KincaidGradeLevel：11.9PrepareforWaterDayZero①EarlierthisyearalarmingheadlinesblaredthatCapeTown,SouthAfrica,washeadedforDayZero—thedatewhenthecity’stapswouldgodrybecauseitsreservoirswouldbecomedangerouslylowonwater.Thatday—originallyexpectedinmid-April—hasbeenpostponeduntilatleast2019,thankstowaterrationingandawelcomerainyseason.Buttheconditionsthatledtothisdesperatesituationwillinevitablyoccuragain,hittingcitiesallovertheplanet.②Astheclimatewarms,extremedroughtsandvanishingwatersupplieswilllikelybecomemorecommon.Butevenwithouttheaddedimpactofclimatechange,normalrainfallvariationplaysanenormousroleinyear-to-yearwateravailability.Theseordinarypatternsnowhaveextraordinaryeffectsbecauseurbanpopulationshavehadatremendousgrowth:by2050theUnitedNationsprojectsthattwothirdsoftheworld’speoplewillliveincities.Urbanplannersandengineersneedtolearnfrompastrainfallvariabilitytoimprovetheirpredictionsandtakefuturedemandintoaccounttobuildmoreresilientinfrastructure.③HowdidCapeTowngetintoaDayZerosituation?ThecitygetsitswaterfromsixreservoirsinWesternCapeprovince,whichusually2fillupduringtherainyseason,fromMaythroughAugust.Butsince2015theregionhasbeensufferingfromtheworstdroughtinacentury,andthewaterinthosereservoirsdwindled(减少)dangerously.Compoundingtheproblem,CapeTown’spopulationhasgrownsubstantially,increasingdemand.Thecityactuallydidaprettygoodjobofkeepingdemandlowbyreducingleaksinthesystem,amajorcauseofwaterwaste,andhasevenwonawardsforitsconservationpolicies.ButthegovernmentofSouthAfricawasslowtodeclareanationaldisasterintheareashithardestbythedrought,pavingthewayfortherecentcrisis.④Fortunately,stepscanbetakentoavoidurbanwatercrises.Ingeneral,acombinationofapproachesthatreliesonmultiplewatersourcesisprobablymosteffective.CapeTownhasalreadybegunimplementinganumberofprojects,includingtappinggroundwaterandbuildingwater-recyclingplants.⑤TheglobalcommunityhasanopportunityrightnowtotakeactiontopreventaseriesofDayZerocrises.Ifwedon’tact,manycitiesmaysoonfaceatimewhenthereisn’tadroptodrink.【文本解析】1.Mainidea这是一篇议论文，文章围绕“全球面临缺水”这个话题展开。文章一开头以开普敦险些陷入WaterDayZero引入全球缺水的话题。由于气候变暖造成干旱和水源消失，以及全球人口激增，全世界各个国家都面临缺水的危机。文章着重解释了开普敦缺水的原因：连年干旱少雨，人口大幅增加，政府反应滞后等，然后介绍了开普敦已经采取的解决缺水问题的措施。文章最后发出警示，提醒人们从即刻开始采取行动，避免缺水危机。32.Textstructure全文可以划分为四个部分：①第一部分：多亏了供水政策和及时的雨季，开普敦得以推迟WaterDayZero。②第二部分：由于气候变暖和人口激增，全球面临缺水危机。③-④第三部分：开普敦面临缺水危机的原因及其对策。⑤第四部分：发出警示：全球必须立刻行动，避免缺水危机。3.Mindmap4.SummarywritingTheworldfacesseverewatershortageduetodroughtsandpopulationgrowth.CapeTownisatypicalexample.Inadditiontotheabove-mentionedcauses,thecityfellintowatercrisisbecauseofthegovernment’suntimelywarning.Nowitissolvingthewaterproblemmainlybyexpandingwatersupplies.Theworldshouldalsoactnowtopreventaglobalwatercrisis.(60words)4主题语境：人与自我主题群：生活与学习语篇类型：说明文来源：Reader’sDigest,201811Wordcount：436FleschReadingEase：52.8Flesch-KincaidGradeLevel：11.9Wishyouweremorecreative?Justpretend!①Onegreatironyaboutourcollectiveobsessionwithcreativityisthatwetendtoframeitinuncreativeways.Thatistosay,mostofusmarrycreativitytoourconceptofself:Eitherwe’re“creative”orwearen’t,withoutmuchofamiddleground.②Dr.Pillay,atechentrepreneurandanassistantprofessoratHarvardUniversity,hasspentagoodchunkofhiscareersubverting(使放弃)theseideas.Hebelievesthatthekeytounlockingyourcreativepotentialistodefytheclichédadvicethaturgesyouto“believeinyourself.”Infact,youshoulddotheopposite:Believeyouaresomeoneelse.③Dr.Pillaypointstoa2016studydemonstratingtheimpactofstereotypes(固定思维)onone’sbehavior.Theauthors,educationalpsychologistsDenisDumasandKevinDunbar,dividedtheircollege-studentsubjectsintothreegroups,instructingthemembersofonetothinkofthemselvesas“eccentric(古怪的)poets”andthemembersofanothertoimaginetheywere“rigidlibrarians”(thethirdgroupwas5thecontrol).Theresearchersthenpresentedalltheparticipantswithtenordinaryobjects,includingafork,acarrot,andapairofpants,andaskedthemtocomeupwithasmanydifferentusesaspossibleforeachone.Thosewhowereaskedtoimaginethemselvesaseccentricpoetscameupwiththewidestrangeofideas,whereasthoseintherigid-librariangrouphadthefewest.Meanwhile,theresearchersfoundonlysmalldifferencesinstudents’creativitylevelsacrossacademicmajors.Infact,thephysicsmajorsinhabitingthepersonasofeccentricpoetscameupwithmoreideasthantheartmajorsdid.④Theseresults,writeDumasandDunbar,suggestthatcreativityisnotanindividualtraitbuta“malleable(易适应的)productofcontextandperspective.”Everyonecanbecreative,aslongasheorshefeelslikeacreativeperson.Dr.Pillay’sworktakesthisastepfurther:Hearguesthatsimplyidentifyingyourselfascreativeislesspowerfulthantakingthebold,creativestepofimaginingyouaresomebodyelse.Thisexercise,whichhecallspsychologicalHalloweenism,referstotheconsciousactionofinhabitinganotherpersona.Anactormayemploythistechniquetogetintocharacter,butanyonecanuseit.⑤Unfortunately,thoseideasoftengetdrownedoutbecausemostofusspendwaytoomuchtimeworrying,andabouttwothingsinparticular:howsuccessful/unsuccessfulweareandhowlittlewe’refocusingonthetaskatha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