2020年高中英语 Module 5 Great People and Great Inventio

Module5GreatPeopleandGreatInventionsofAncientChina[话题导读]导语：孙武，字长卿，中国春秋时期齐国人，著名军事家、政治家。后人尊称其为孙子，孙武子，百世兵家之师，东方兵学的鼻祖。其著作《孙子兵法》为后世兵法家所推崇，被誉为“兵学圣典”。一起来了解一下吧！SunTzuandTheArtofWarSunTzu,originallynamedSunWuandalsocalledChangQing,authoredTheArtofWarinthesixthcenturyBC.Thisbookbecameoneofthemostinfluential(有影响的)booksofwarandSunTzubecamewellknownasamilitarystrategist.TherearenoexactrecordsofSunTzu'sbirthordeathdate.Theonlyknownrecordsofhislifewerefromabiographywritteninthe2ndcenturyBCbyahistoriannamedSimaQian.SunTzuisbelievedtobebornin544BCunderthenameSunWu,possiblyinthestateofQiinancientChina.It'sestimated(估计)thatSunTzudiedin496BCinthestateofWu.Hisfamiliesweremembersofthe“shi”，anancientclasswholosttheirlandduringtheSpringandAutumnPeriod.DuringSunTzu'stime,mostshitravelledasacademicscholars,butSunTzudidn't.Afterworkingthroughoutthecountry,SunTzuwashiredbythekingofWuasageneralin512BC.SunTzuwroteTheArtofWar,whichatthetimewasnamedSunTzuaccordingtothecustomtonameaworkafteritsauthor.SunTzu'smilitarystrategysoonbecamefamousandheevenprovedhisknowledgebytraininguntrainedfemalesoldiers.AndafterSunTzubecamethegeneral,thestateofWubecamesopowerfulthatitevendefeatedthestateofChu,themostpowerfulstateintheSpringandAutumnPeriodinChinesehistory.AfterthedefeatofChu,SunTzudisappeared,wantingaquietandpeacefullife.Histeachinghowever,wentontoinfluencenotonlymilitarystrategies,butalsomartialarts(武术)．Infact,histeachingknownasBingFabecamethebasisformostAsianmartialarts.HistoriansarguethatSunTzu'sworkdidnotsupportwar.Infact,accordingtohistorians,SunTzu'sphilosophiesweremoreabouthowtoavoidwarwhilestillmaintainingcontroloveranenemyintightsituations.AlthoughthereisnoevidencethatSunTzuevermetConfucius,hemayhavebeeninfluencedbytheman'sworks.SectionⅠIntroduction&ReadingandVocabulary—Comprehending练读文记词汇学翻译1教材助读[先读通]PhilosophersofAncientChinaAncientChinawasaplacewherestateswereoftenatwarwith①eachother②.Butitwasalsoatime③whenthereweremanygreatphilosophers④.Confucius(551BC～479BC)isthephilosopherwhoseinfluencehasbeenthegreatest⑤.Hestressed⑥theimportanceofkindness，dutyandorder⑦insociety⑧.Chinesesocietywasinfluencedbytheseideasformorethan2,000years.Menciuswasathinkerwhoseteachingswereverysimilarto⑨those⑩ofConfucius.Menciuswasbornin372BC.Hisfatherdiedwhenhewasyoung,andhewasbroughtup⑪byhismother.HebecameastudentofConfucius'sideas,andwasthengivenanimportantposition⑫inthegovernmentofastate.However,whenhesawthattherulerwasnotfollowinghisadvice⑬，heresigned⑭.Formanyyearshetravelledfromstatetostate,teachingtheprinciples⑮ofConfucius⑯.Hethenbecameanadviser⑰toanotherruler.HespenthislastyearspreparingabookofhisteachingscalledTheBookofMencius⑱.Menciusbelievedthatthereasonwhymanisdifferentfromanimalsisthatmanisgood.Hetaughtthatifthegovernmentwaskind，thenpeoplewouldbegood.Hebelievedthatpeopleweremoreimportantthanrulers,andhatedthestatewhenittreatedpeoplebadly.Moziwasanotherteacherwhowasveryinfluential⑲.Bornin476BC⑳，hecamefromafamilywhichwasverypoor.Hebecamefamousforhisunusual○21clothesandbehaviour○22.Mozifounded○23thephilosophycalledMohism○24.Insomeways○25，hisbeliefs○26weresimilartothoseofConfucius.Forexample,heconsideredthatgovernmentwasmostimportant.Asaresult,hespentmanyyearstryingtofindastatewherepeoplewouldfollowhisteachings.Mozibelievedthatallmenwereequal.Hisideaoflove○27wasdifferentfromtheConfucianideaofkindness.Mozitaughtthatweshouldloveallhumanbeingsandlookafter○28thosewhoareweakerthanourselves.Hehatedtheideaofwar.Mozidiedin390BC.[再记住]①beatwarwith“与……交战”，表示处于战争的状态。②wherestateswereoftenatwarwitheachother是where引导的定语从句，修饰aplace，where在从句中作地点状语。③atime一个时期；一段时间④whenthereweremanygreatphilosophers是when引导的定语从句，修饰atime，when在从句中作时间状语。⑤whoseinfluencehasbeenthegreatest是whose引导的定语从句，whose在从句中作定语。该定语从句使用了现在完成时态。⑥stress[stres]vt.强调⑧insociety在社会中society“社会”，其前一般不用冠词。但intheoldsociety“在旧社会”等例外。⑨besimilarto与……相似to为介词⑩those为替代词，替代前面出现的teachings，相当于theteachings。⑪bringup养育；抚养wasbroughtup为被动语态结构。⑫position[pə'zIʃn]n.职位⑬followone'sadvice＝takeone'sadvice接受/采纳某人的建议⑭resign[rI'zaIn]vi.辞职⑮principle['prInsəpl]n.原则；准则⑯现在分词短语teaching...作伴随状语。⑰adviser[əd'vaIzə]n.顾问⑱Hespent...preparing...中含有spendtime(in)doingsth.结构；过去分词短语calledTheBookofMencius作后置定语，修饰abook。⑲influential[ˌInflu'enʃl]adj.有影响的⑳过去分词短语Bornin476BC作状语。○21unusualadj.异乎寻常的；与众不同的○22behaviourn．[U]行为；举止○23foundv．创立；建立found→founded→founded○24过去分词短语calledMohism作后置定语。○25insomeways在某些方面○26beliefn．信念；相信动词形式是believe；反义词为disbelief。○27love[lʌv]n.仁爱○28lookafter照顾；照料[再翻译]古代中国的哲学家古代中国各诸侯国之间经常发生战争，但那也是一个产生了许多伟大哲学家的时期。孔子(公元前551年——公元前479年)是影响最大的哲学家。他强调仁爱、责任和社会秩序的重要性。中国社会受这些思想的影响长达2000多年。孟子是一位思想家，他的理论和孔子理论很相似。孟子生于公元前372年。他幼年丧父，由母亲抚养长大。他学习了孔子的学说，后来在一个诸侯国的政府内身居要职。然而，当他看到统治者不采纳他的意见时，就辞去了官职。他周游列国多年，传授孔子的思想，后来成了另一位统治者的谋士。他把余生都用来准备写一本关于他学说的书，名为《孟子》。孟子认为，人之所以不同于动物，是因为人性本善。他告诫人们，假若政府仁慈，人民就会有善行。他认为人民比统治者更重要，憎恨对人民残暴的政权。墨子是另一位极具影响力的先哲。他生于公元前476年，出身贫寒。他因不修边幅、行为怪异而闻名。墨子创立了被称为“墨家学说”的哲学理论。他的学说在某些方面和孔子的学说相似。例如，他认为政府最重要。因此，他花了许多年的时间试图寻找一个人们愿意遵从他思想的国家。墨子认为，人生来平等。他的仁爱思想与孔子的仁爱思想不同。墨子告诫人们要博爱，要照顾弱者。他憎恨那种战争的观点。墨子于公元前390年去世。通语篇学理解重分析2语篇理解Ⅰ.ReadthetextanddosomeTrue(T)orFalse(F)quest