2020版高中英语 Module 5 Great People and Great Inventio

一、定语从句的概念与分类在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。前者紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去；后者主句与从句之间用逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如果省去，意思仍然完整。二、限制性定语从句的作用限制性定语从句为先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语从句，若去掉，被修饰的主句的内容就不完整或失去意义。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，书写时不可用逗号分开。Heisthemanwhom/thatIamwaitingfor.他就是我正在等待的那个人。Theyrushedovertohelpthemanwhosecarhadbrokendown.那个人的车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。(此处whose用来修饰其后面的名词car，其先行词是man，相当于theman'scar)三、关系词的用法1.关系代词的用法(1)that和which的用法①which指物，that既可指人也可指物；它们在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，which和that在从句中作宾语时可以省略。Pleasefindaroomwhich/thatisbigenoughforallofustolivein.请找一间足够住下我们所有人的房间。Thisisthehouse(which/that)weboughtlastmonth.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。Thisisthethief(that)wehavebeenlookingforthesedays.这就是我们近日来一直在找的小偷。②在限制性定语从句中，关系代词指物时只能用that而不用which的情况：a．当先行词是all,little,few,none,anything,something,everything,nothing等词时。Canyougivemeanythingthathasnosugarinside?能不能给我点儿里面没有糖的东西？b．当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。Thisisthefirsttwo­storeybusthatrunsinourcity.这是第一辆运行于我市的双层公交车。c．当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级所修饰时。GuilinisthemostbeautifulcitythatIhaveevervisited.桂林是我游览过的最美丽的城市。d．当先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,theright等修饰时。Thisistheveryscarfthatmotherhasbeenlookingfor.这就是妈妈一直在找的那条围巾。e．当先行词既有人又有物时。CanyoutellmethepeopleandeventsthatyousawinBritain?你能告诉我你在英国见到的人和事吗？f．句子中出现过which或who之类的词，为了避免重复，要用that。Whichofthebooksthathadpictureswasworthreading?哪本有图画的书值得读呢？③在限制性定语从句中只用which不用that的情况：a．先行词为that，those时，用which，而不用that。What'sthatwhichisunderthedesk?在桌子底下的那东西是什么？b．关系代词前有介词时，一般用which，而不用that。Thisistheroominwhichhelives.这是他居住的房间。(2)who和whom的用法who和whom指人，who在从句中可作主语和宾语，whom在从句中作宾语。Thereisagirlwhowantstoseeyou.有个女孩儿想见你。Theoldmanwho/whomyousawyesterdayisathinker.你昨天见到的那位老人是位思想家。(3)whose的用法whose既可指人也可指物，在从句中修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格。它可以转化为“the＋名词＋ofwhich/whom”和“ofwhich/whom＋the＋名词”的形式。Thisisthescientistwhosenameisknownalloverthecountry.→Thisisthescientistthenameofwhomisknownalloverthecountry.这就是那位全国知名的科学家。Pleasepassmethebookwhosecoverisgreen.→Pleasepassmethebookthecoverofwhichisgreen.请递给我那本绿色封面的书。2.关系副词的用法(1)when指时间，在从句中作时间状语。它的先行词通常有：time，day，week，year等。IcannotforgetthedaywhenIfirstsawyou.我永远不会忘记第一次见到你的日子。(2)where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常有：place，street，house，city，country以及一些抽象意义的名词，如point，case，position，condition，situation。Thisisthehousewheretheylivedaweekago.这是一个星期前他们住过的房子。(3)why指原因或理由，它的先行词只有reason。ThereasonwhyIdon'ttrusthimisthatheoftentellslies.我不信任他的原因是他常常撒谎。[名师点津](1)这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于“介词＋which”结构：①when＝on(in,at,during...)＋which②where＝in(at，on...)＋which③why＝forwhich(2)当先行词是表示时间的time，day等或表示地点的place，house等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语，关系词应用which或that，缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用when或where。Istillremembertheday(which/that)wespenttogetherinthecity.我仍然记得我们在那座城市一起度过的那一天。Thisistheroomwhere(inwhich)LaoSheoncelived.这是老舍曾经居住过的房间。四、“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句“介词十关系代词”是一个普遍使用的结构。“介词＋关系代词”结构中的介词可以是in，on，about，from，for，with，through，of，without等，关系代词只可用whom或which，不可用that。Doyourememberthedayonwhichyoujoinedourclub?还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？ThisisthehouseinwhichIlivedtwoyearsago.这是我两年前住过的房子。Inthedarkstreet,therewasn'tasinglepersontowhomshecouldturnforhelp.在漆黑的大街上没有一个人能为她提供帮助。[名师点津]像listento，lookat，dependon，payattentionto，takecareof等固定动词短语，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。Thisisthepersonwhom/who/thatyouarelookingfor.这就是你在找的那个人。[考情分析]定语从句主要考查其关系代词或关系副词的选择和使用情况。在语法填空、短文改错中涉及较多。定语从句的解题思路：(1)找主句；(2)找先行词；(3)把先行词代入定语从句；(4)判断关系词代替先行词在从句中所作成分；(5)根据成分选择关系词。[即学即练1]单句语法填空1．Exerciseissomething________canhelptomakeyoulookgood,feelgoodandbehealthy.2．Idon'twantitpollutedbythemistakesanderrorswith________historyisfilled.3．Ifwedon'tpunishthose________sellandkillfrogstomakemoney,thenonedayallofuswillbepunishedbynatureforfailingtokeepthebalanceofnature.4．Wemayfallbehindothers,________makesusstressed.5．________weallknow,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.thatwhichwhowhichAs6．Thehouse________windowsfacesouthbelongstoher.7．Canyoutellmetheoffice________heworks?8．Doyouknowthereason________heislate?9．Whoisthegirl________wontheprize?10．Thisistheinventor,theachievementsof________arewellknown.11．Self­drivingisanarea________Chinaandtherestoftheworldareonthesamestartingline.whosewherewhythatwhomwhere12．Thelittleproblems__________wemeetinourdailylivesmaybeinspirationsforgreatinventions.13．Ilivenextdoortoacouple________childrenoftenmakealotofnoise.14．Asthesmallestchildofhisfamily,Alexisalwayslongingforthetime________heshouldbeabletobeindependent.that/whichwhosewhen批语“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中介词的确定方法可以总结为“一先、二动、三意义、四特殊”。一先：即先看先行词。以先行词的搭配为主。二动：即根据从句中谓语动词的搭配选择合适的介词。三意义：通过判断主句表达的全部意义来确定合适的介词。四特殊：即介词of常用于“表示部分的词汇＋of＋关系代词”结构。表示部分的词汇：代词all,both,none,neither,either,some,any等；数词及many,most,few,several等。[即学即练2]用适当的关系代词、关系副词或“介词＋关系代词”填空1．Thedishes__________Icookedweremymom'sfavourite.2．Therewasatime________theyweregoodfriendsandwenttoschoolandcamehometogether.3．Isthereanyoneinyourclass________homeisinthenorth?4．Luckily,wehadbroughtamapwithus____________wecouldhavelostourway.5．Intheend,itwastheadviser__________heturnedforcomfortandhelp.that/whichwhenwhosewithoutwhichtowhomⅠ.用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空1．Iwillneverforgetthedayon________Ifirstsawhim.2．All________Itoldyoujustnowistrue.3．Firstofall,itisagoodideatogotoworkbybusoronfootin