2020版高中英语 Module 4 Great Scientists Section Ⅱ Gram

[考情分析]被动语态是高考英语中一个比较重要的考点，也是一个综合性比较强的考点，因为在许多情况下，被动语态会与时态、主谓一致等考点综合在一起进行考查。考生应熟知常用时态和被动语态的构成及用法，不用于被动语态的动词和主动表被动的情形等知识。高考题往往不会只考查语态，而是考查时态与语态的综合运用。所以解题时一定要结合语境，弄清动作发生的时间及主被动关系。1．被动语态[语境领悟]*Thebridgewasbuiltlastyear.这座桥是去年建造的。(一般过去时)*Thewholevillagehasbeenwashedawaybytheflood.整个村庄都被洪水冲走了。(现在完成时)*Theapplestastegood.这些苹果尝起来味道不错。(系表结构)*TheGreatWallisworthvisiting.长城值得一游。(固定短语)*It'ssaidthattheyhavediscoveredanewstar.据说他们已发现了一颗新星。(固定句型)[知识归纳](1)被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，也就是动作的对象，所以只有及物动词和及物动词短语才有被动语态。(2)被动语态的构成：被动语态由“助动词be＋过去分词”构成。被动语态构成一般现在时am/is/aredone一般过去时was/weredone一般将来时shall/willbedone过去将来时should/wouldbedone现在进行时am/is/arebeingdone过去进行时was/werebeingdone现在完成时have/hasbeendone过去完成时hadbeendone将来完成时will/wouldhavebeendone含有情态动词的can/must/maybedone(3)被动语态的用法：①不知道或没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。②当更加强调动作的承受者时。此时动作的执行者由by引导置于谓语动词之后，不需要时可以省略。③当动作的执行者不是人时，多用被动语态。(4)主动表示被动的几种情况：①一些连系动词的主动式＋形容词。常见动词有look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turnout等。②表示主语的某种属性的词与状语连用，用以表示主语的品质和状态：read,write,act，cut,draw,drive,sell,wash,clean,wear,open,cook,lock,look,shut等。Thispenwriteswell.这支笔很好用。Thisnewbooksellswell.这本新书很畅销。③主语＋need/want/require表示“需要被……”的时候，常用动名词的主动式表示被动或用不定式的被动式。④beworthdoing表示某事值得去做。动名词和句中的主语存在逻辑上的动宾关系。⑤“主语＋系动词＋形容词＋不定式”结构中，不定式一般用主动形式表示被动含义。⑥betoblame(受谴责)，betorent(出租)也用主动形式表被动。(5)常用被动语态的固定句型：①“It＋be＋过去分词＋从句”构成的被动结构。Itisbelieved/said/reported/hoped/supposedthat...据信/据说/据报道/人们希望/人们认为……Itmustbepointedoutthat...必须指出……Itisgenerallyconsideredthat...一般认为……Itiswell­knownthat...大家都知道……Itmustbeadmittedthat...必须承认……②“be＋过去分词＋不定式”构成的被动结构。[名师点津](1)get＋过去分词表被动：getmarried结婚；gethurt受伤；getlost迷路；getcaught/stuck/trapped被困*Theygotmarriedlastweek.他们上周结婚了。(2)不定式的被动语态：to＋be＋及物动词的过去分词Therearetwentymoretreestobeplanted.有另外20棵树要种植。(3)感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to，但变为被动语态时，须加上to。Agirlsawmywalletdropwhenshepassedby.→Mywalletwasseentodropbyagirlwhenshepassedby.Thebossmadethelittleboydoheavywork.→Thelittleboywasmadetodoheavyworkbytheboss.(4)如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语(物)作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词由与其搭配的动词决定。Shegavemeabook.→Abookwasgiventomebyher.Sheshowedmeaticket.→Aticketwasshowntomebyher.(5)一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。Wecan'tlaughathim.→Hecan'tbelaughedatbyus.Thenurseistakingcareofthesickman.→Thesickmanisbeingtakencareofbythenurse.(6)含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词＋be＋及物动词的过去分词Thedoormaybelockedinside.这道门可能从里面被锁上了。Yourhomeworkcanbehandedintomorrow.你的作业可以明天交。2．by＋v.­ing的用法[语境领悟]*Itriedtowakeupmywifebyringingthedoorbell，butshewasfastasleep.我按响了门铃，试图唤醒我的妻子，但她睡得很熟。*Switchitonbypressingthebutton.按下这个开关启动它。*Youcangetintouchwithherbysendingane­mail.你可以发电子邮件和她取得联系。[名师点津]介词by与名词、代词或动词­ing形式连用，在句中作状语，用来表示方法、手段、方式，意为“凭借，靠，用，通过”。如：TheylearnEnglishbywatchingTV.他们通过看电视学英语。Hesucceededbyworkinghard.他凭借工作努力而获得了成功。[即时训练1]单句填空1．Hehurriedhome,neveroncelookingbacktoseeifhe________________(follow)．2．Inthe1950sintheUSA,mostfamilieshadjustonephoneathome,andlaterwirelessphones____________(invent)．3．Thestudentshavebeenworkinghardontheirlessonsandtheirefforts________________(reward)withsuccessintheend.4．Ifnothing________(do),theoceanwillturnintofishdeserts.wasbeingfollowedwereinventedwillberewardedisdone5．BythetimeIarrivedatthehospital,hiswound____________(treat)．6．Thepalacecaughtfirethreetimesinthelastcentury,andlittleoftheoriginalbuilding________(remain)now.7．Tomydelight,I____________(choose)fromhundredsofapplicantstoattendtheopeningceremonyyesterday.8.Inmyhometown,thereisalwaysaharvestsupperforthefarmerswhenallthewheat______________(cut)．9．Theyoungmanwasoftenseen_______(draw)bythelake.10．Thesheetsandpillowsneed____________________(wash),Isuppose.hadbeentreatedremainswaschosenhasbeencuttodrawwashing/tobewashed[即时训练2]根据汉语意思完成句子1．通过早起，我每天早晨可以有一个小时的时间阅读英语。____________early,IcanhaveanhourtoreadEnglishinthemorning.2．琳达做的菜尝起来很美味。ThedishthatLindacooks____________.3．学校图书馆上午七点开门，晚上十点关门。Theschoollibrary________at7a．m.inthemorningand________at10p．m.intheevening.4．到目前为止，《哈利·波特》系列图书已经卖出了4亿多本。Bynowover400millionHarryPotterbookshave________sold.Bygettinguptastesdeliciousopensclosesbeen5．深秋的时候，树叶会落。Whenitislateautumn,the____________.6．窗户被我儿子打破了。Thewindow____________bymyson.7．这项工作将马上开展。Thework__________________immediately.8．他说一个新的贸易中心将修建在市中心。Hesaidthatanewtradecentre____________inthecentreofthecity.9．校长说文章将在下个月月底翻译好。Theheadmastersaidthearticle________________________bytheendofnextmonth.leavesfallwasbrokenwillbecarriedoutwouldbebuiltwouldhavebeentranslatedⅠ.句型转换把下列句子改为被动结构1．Cantheyfulfilltheplanintime?→____theplan____________intime?2．Theyoftenmadefunofherinschool.→Shewasoften____________inschool.3．Wearegoingtodevelopthecityintoanindustrialcentre.→Thecity________________________intoanindustrialcentre.Canbefulfilledmadefunofisgoingtobedeveloped4．Thebossmadethemworkfourteenhoursaday.→They________________fourteenhoursadaybytheboss.5．Weelectedhimourmonitor.→He____________ourmonitorbyus.weremadetoworkwaselectedⅡ.用所给动词的适当形式填空1．Howlonghaveyoubeen________(marry)?2．Allthegifts________(mail)immediatelywillreachthosepoorchildren.3．I'mafraidyouwouldn'thavetimetoget________(change)．4．Hewas__________(recognize)asagenius.5．Hewas________(hear)singi