2020版高考英语二轮复习 专题二 阅读理解 第三节 主旨大意题课件

专题二阅读理解第三节主旨大意题[常见设问形式]1．标题类常见的题干：①Thebesttitle/headlineforthispassagemightbe________.②Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage？③Whichofthefollowingwouldbesuitableasatitleforthepassage?2．大意类常见的题干：①Thispassagechieflydealswith________.②What'sthetopicofthearticle?③Whatisthesubjectdiscussedinthetext?④Whatisthemainideaofthe...paragraph/thepassage?[正确选项特征]1．涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。2．确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。3．精确性强，不会改变语言表达的程度及色彩。[干扰选项特征]1.过于笼统，不知所云所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容2.以偏概全，主次不分所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点3.移花接木，偷换概念所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上，若不留神，极易选错答案4.无中生有，生搬硬套所给选项的关键词虽然在文章中提到了，但经过仔细阅读分析之后，发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系题型1标题归纳题(2019·高考全国卷Ⅰ·阅读D)Duringtherosyyearsofelementaryschool(小学)，Ienjoyedsharingmydollsandjokes，whichallowedmetokeepmyhighsocialstatus.Iwasthequeenoftheplayground.Thencamemytweensandteens，andmeangirlsandcoolkids.Theyroseintheranksnotbybeingfriendlybutbysmokingcigarettes，breakingrulesandplayingjokesonothers，amongwhomIsoonfoundmyself.Popularityisawellexploredsubjectinsocialpsychology.MitchPrinstein，aprofessorofclinicalpsychologysortsthepopularintotwocategories：thelikableandthestatusseekers.Thelikables'playswellwithothersqualitiesstrengthenschoolyardfriendships，jumpstartinterpersonalskillsand，whentappedearly，areemployedeverafterinlifeandwork.Thenthere'sthekindofpopularitythatappearsinadolescence：statusbornofpowerandevendishonorablebehavior.Enviableasthecoolkidsmayhaveseemed，Dr.Prinstein'sstudiesshowunpleasantconsequences.Thosewhowerehighestinstatusinhighschool，aswellasthoseleastlikedinelementaryschool，are“mostlikelytoengage(从事)indangerousandriskybehavior.”Inonestudy，Dr.Prinsteinexaminedthetwotypesofpopularityin235adolescents，scoringtheleastliked，themostlikedandthehighestinstatusbasedonstudentsurveys(调查研究)．“Wefoundthattheleastwelllikedteenshadbecomemoreaggressiveovertimetowardtheirclassmates.Butsohadthosewhowerehighinstatus.Itclearlyshowedthatwhilelikabilitycanleadtohealthyadjustment，highstatushasjusttheoppositeeffectonus.”Dr.Prinsteinhasalsofoundthatthequalitiesthatmadetheneighborswantyouonaplaydate—sharing，kindness，openness—carryovertolateryearsandmakeyoubetterabletorelateandconnectwithothers.Inanalyzinghisandotherresearch，Dr.Prinsteincametoanotherconclusion：Notonlyislikabilityrelatedtopositivelifeoutcomes，butitisalsoresponsibleforthoseoutcomes，too.“Beinglikedcreatesopportunitiesforlearningandfornewkindsoflifeexperiencesthathelpsomebodygainanadvantage，”hesaid.35．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．BeNice—YouWon'tFinishLastB．TheHighertheStatus，theBetterC．BetheBest—YouCanMakeItD．MoreSelfControl，LessAggressiveness[解题关键](1)通读文章，全盘考虑通过阅读全文内容，尤其是最后一段，可知这篇文章主要讲了受欢迎，讨人喜欢对个人生活的各个方面有深远的有益影响。(2)分析选项，斟酌判断答案：AA对别人好——最终，你的收获无穷无尽涵盖性强，覆盖全文B身份越高越好断章取义，混淆概念C成为最好，你能行无中生有，曲解文意D严于律己，宽以待人无中生有，曲解文意[技巧点拨]理解标题的3大特点，巧用3大方法确定文章标题一个好的标题应具备三大特点：1．概括——准确而又简短；2．针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符；3．醒目——能引发读者的阅读欲望。因此有必要掌握以下三大方法：1．正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；2．反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文章对照，一一排除不符选项；3．研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等。题型2文章大意题(2019·高考全国卷Ⅱ·阅读C)MarianBechtelsitsatWestPalmBeach'sBarLouiecounterbyherself，quietlyreadinghere­bookasshewaitsforhersalad.Whatisshereading？Noneofyourbusiness！LunchisBechtel's“me”time.AndlikemoreAmericans，she'snotalone.Anewreportfound46percentofmealsareeatenaloneinAmerica.Morethanhalf(53percent)havebreakfastaloneandnearlyhalf(46percent)havelunchbythemselves.Onlyatdinnertimeareweeatingtogetheranymore,74percent，accordingtostatisticsfromthereport.“Iprefertogooutandbeout.Alone，buttogether，youknow？”Bechtelsaid，lookingupfromherbook.Bechtel，whoworksindowntownWestPalmBeach，haslunchwithcoworkerssometimes，butlikemanyofus，toooftenworksthroughlunchatherdesk.Alunchtimeescapeallowshertokeepabossfromtappingherontheshoulder.Shereturnstoworkfeelingenergized.“Today，Ijustwantedsometimetomyself，”shesaid.Justtwoseatsover，AndrewMazoleny，alocalvideographer，isfinishinghislunchatthebar.Helikesthathecansitandcheckhisphoneinpeaceorchatupthebarkeeperwithwhomhe'sonafirstnamebasisifhewantstohavealittleinteraction(交流)．“Ireflectonhowmyday'sgoneandthinkabouttherestoftheweek，”hesaid.“It'sachanceforselfreflection.Youreturntoworkrechargedandwithaplan.”Thatfreedomtochooseisonereasonmorepeopleliketoeatalone.Therewasatimewhenpeoplemayhavefeltawkwardaboutaskingforatableforone，butthosedaysareover.Now，wehaveoursmartphonestokeepuscompanyatthetable.“Itdoesn'tfeelasaloneasitmayhavebeforealltheadvancesintechnology，”saidLaurieDemeritt，whosecompanyprovidedthestatisticsforthereport.31．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Thetrendofhavingmealsalone.B．Theimportanceofselfreflection.C．Thestressfromworkingovertime.D．Theadvantageofwirelesstechnology.[解题关键](1)通读文章，全盘考虑本文通过一份调查结果显示：很大比例的人选择独自用餐，原因很多，比如逃离工作氛围，或者反思自己，但是独自用餐正慢慢成为一种趋势。(2)分析选项，斟酌判断答案：AA独自用餐的趋势涵盖性强，覆盖全文B自我反思的重要性以偏概全，主次不分C加班加点的压力无中生有，曲解文意D无线电科技的优点以偏概全，主次不分[技巧点拨]3个做法4个窍门，快速确定文章大意文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心的基础上的。具体做法是：1．找出每小段的主题句，各段的主题句常在该段的首句或尾句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。2．文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要分步提炼，然后再进一步加工概括。3．观察全文的结构安排，区别文章的“核心”和“支撑性细节”。核心是概括性的、理论性的；支撑性细节是碎片化的、