高考英语阅读理解技巧-说明文

高考英语阅读理解说明文1.学会分析说明文，掌握命题规律，探究解题策略2.说明文各题型解题策略和技巧教学内容河北省赵县的洨河上，有一座世界闻名的石拱桥，叫安济桥，又叫赵州桥。它是隋朝的石匠李春设计和参加建造的，到现在已经有一千三百多年了。说明文：用平实的语言客观地解说事物、解释现象、提供信息，给人以知识的文体；题材：实验报告、产品介绍、场馆介绍、社会现象分析、语言文化、人文地理、生物的生存状况等总体叙述（概述被说明对象）赵州桥非常雄伟。桥长五十多米，有九米多宽.......下面没有桥礅，只有一个拱形的大桥洞，横跨在三十七米多宽的河面上。大桥洞顶上的左右两边，还各有两个拱形的小桥洞。......这种设计，在建桥史上是一个创举，既减轻了流水对桥身的冲击力，使桥不容易被大水冲毁，又减轻了桥身的重量，节省了石料。这座桥不但坚固，而且美观。...栏板上雕刻着精美的图案：有的刻着两条相互缠绕的龙，嘴里吐出美丽的水花；有的刻着两条飞龙，前爪相互抵着，各自回首遥望；还有的刻着双龙戏珠。所有的龙似乎都在游动，真像活了一样。细节描述--方法：举例子、作比较、分类别、析因果、列数字、作引用、描写支撑被说明对象解题策略：赵州桥表现了劳动人民的智慧和才干，是我国宝贵的历史遗产。说明文的大体结构：总体叙述+细节或过程说明+概括评述找出中心关键细节首段、每段首句、but/however之后、尾段概况评价28.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesnewspapersinAmericabeforethe1830s?29.Whatdidstreetsalesmeantonewspapers?30.Whowerethenewspapersofthenewtrendtargetedat?31.Whatcanwesayaboutthebirthofthepennypaper?细节推理细节推理分析2019年3卷高考卷说明文C篇设问：围绕一个事物多细节多推理32.Whatdidtheresearchersdotothemonkeysbeforetestingthem?33.Howdidthemonkeysgettheirrewardintheexperiment?34.WhatdidLivingstone'steamfindaboutthemonkeys?35.Inwhichsectionofanewspapermaythistextappear?推理推理细节细节分析2019年3卷高考卷说明文D篇设问：围绕一个事物多细节多推理28.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword＂displaced＂inparagraph2mean?30.Whatdidthedisappearanceofgraywolvesbringabout?31.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardstheYellowstonewolfproject?推理判断主旨大意词义猜测PassageB围绕一个事物多细节多推理推理判断25.WhatisthenewNationalSleepFoundationsurveyon?26.Howmanyhoursofsleepdo11-year-oldsneedeveryday?27.WhydoteenagersgotosleeplateaccordingtoCarskadon?细节细节细节PassageA围绕一个事物多细节多推理主旨大意28.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.WildliferesearchintheUnitedStates.B.PlantdiversityintheYellowstonearea.C.Theconflictbetweenfarmersandgraywolves.D.ThereintroductionofwolvestoYellowstonePark.Afteryearsofheateddebate,graywolveswerereintroducedtoYellowstoneNationalPark...(Para1)GraywolvesoncewereseenhereandthereintheYellowstonearea...(Para2)Thedisappearanceofthewolveshadmanyunexpectedresults.(Para3)Asearlyas1966,biologistsaskedthegovernmenttoconsiderreintroducingwolvestoYellowstonePark.(Para4)Thegovernmentspentnearly30yearscomingupwithaplantoreintroducethewolves.(Para5)首段、每段首句、but/however之后、尾段词义猜测29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword＂displaced＂inparagraph2mean?A.Tested.B.Separated.C.Forcedout.D.Trackeddown.GraywolvesoncewereseenhereandthereintheYellowstoneareaandmuchofthecontinentalUnitedStates,buttheyweregraduallydisplacedbyhumandevelopment.Bythe1920s,wolveshadpracticallydisappearedfromtheYellowstonearea.构词法、上下文语境，利用定义、解释、举例和对比转折推理判断30.Whatdidthedisappearanceofgraywolvesbringabout?A.Damagetolocalecology.B.Adeclineinthepark’sincome.C.Preservationofvegetation.D.Anincreaseinthevarietyofanimals.Thedisappearanceofthewolveshadmanyunexpectedresults.Deerandelkpopulations—majorfoodsources(来源)forthewolf—grewrapidly.Theseanimalsconsumedlargeamountsofvegetation(植被),whichreducedplantdiversityinthepark.Intheabsenceofwolves,coyotepopulationsalsogrewquickly.Thecoyoteskilledalargepercentageofthepark’sredfoxes,andcompletelydroveawaythepark’sbeavers.题文同序，主题一致，同义转换推理判断--观点态度31.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardstheYellowstonewolfproject?A.Doubtful.B.Positive.C.Disapproving.D.Uncaring.Thegovernmentspentnearly30yearscomingupwithaplantoreintroducethewolves.TheU.S.FishandWildlifeServicecarefullymonitorsandmanagesthewolfpacksinYellowstone.Today,thedebatecontinuesoverhowwellthegraywolfisfittinginatYellowstone.Elk,deer,andcoyotepopulationsaredown,whilebeaversandredfoxeshavemadeacomeback.TheYellowstonewolfprojecthasbeenavaluableexperimenttohelpbiologistsdecidewhethertoreintroducewolvestootherpartsofthecountryaswell.捕捉表达或暗示情感态度的词句或短语有时命题者故弄玄虚，在选项中加些夸大其词的说法，把“大约”说成“绝对，肯定”(要留意选项中诸如all,absolutely,only,never,completely,definitely等词)，把抽象说成具体，或者把人名、地名、时间等张冠李戴，误串起来，从而构成形是实非的干扰项。分析长难句：1.GraywolvesoncewereseenhereandthereintheYellowstoneareaandmuchofthecontinentalUnitedStates,buttheyweregraduallydisplacedbyhumandevelopment.修饰成分：介短，从句，非谓语画括号GettinglesssleephasbecomeabadhabitformostAmericankids.Accordingtoanewsurvey(调查)bytheNationalSleepFoundation,51%ofkidsaged10to18gotobedat10pmorlateronschoolnights,eventhoughtheyhavetogetupearly.细节25.WhatisthenewNationalSleepFoundationsurveyon?A.Americankids’sleepinghabits.B.Teenagers’sleep-relateddiseases.C.Activitiestopreventsleeplessness.D.Learningproblemsandlackofsleep.Howmuchsleepyouneeddependsalotonyourage......Formostschool-agechildren,tenhoursisideal(理想的).ButthenewNationalSleepFoundationsurveyfoundthat35%of10-to12-year-oldsgetonlysevenoreighthours.Andguesswhatalmosthalfofthesurveyedkidssaidtheydobeforebedtime?WatchTV.细节26.Howmanyhoursofsleepdo11-year-oldsneedeveryday?A.7hours.B.8hours.C.10hours.D.18hours.规律1：题文同序，主题一致MorechildrenaregoingtobedwithTVson,andtherearemoreopportunities(机会)tostayawake,withmorehomework,theInternetandthephone,saysDr.MaryCarskadon,.......Shesaystheseactivitiesatbedtimecangetkidsallexcitedandmakeithardforthemtocalmdownandsleep.Otherexpertssay细节27.WhydoteenagersgotosleeplateaccordingtoCarskadon?A.Theyareaffectedbycertainbodychemicals.B.Theytendtodothingsthatexcitethem.C.Theyfollowtheirparents'examples.D.Theydon'tneedtogotoschoolearly.规律2：细节题选项为原文句的