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第二部分专项语法高效突破专项1名词高频考点精讲1.规则变化情况构成方法例词一般情况加-scap→caps;dog→dogs;German→Germans以字母s,sh,ch,x等结尾加-esbus→buses;wish→wishes以“辅音字母+y”结尾变y为i,再加-eslady→ladies;century→centuries以“元音字母+y”结尾直接加-sboy→boys;monkey→monkeys以f或fe结尾一般变f,fe为v,再加-esleaf→leaves;life→lives考点1可数名词复数以o结尾有生命的加-estomato→tomatoes;hero→heroes;potato→potatoes无生命的加-sradio→radios;zoo→zoos;photo→photos【注意】有些名词虽以-s结尾,但它们不是复数。如:physics物理;maths数学;politics政治;news新闻。2.不规则变化类型例词字母变化man→men;woman→women;Englishman→Englishmen;Frenchman→Frenchmen;child→children;foot→feet;tooth→teeth;mouse→mice单复数同形Chinese→Chinese;Japanese→Japanese;people→people;sheep→sheep;deer→deer复合名词的复数形式amanteacher→menteachers;awomanteacher→womenteachers考点2不可数名词1.不可数名词通常没有复数形式,前面不能用不定冠词a/an限定。2.可用much,alittle,alotof/lotsof,some,any,plentyof等修饰。如:Thereisalittlemilkinthebottle.在瓶子里有一点牛奶。3.不可数名词的数量表达法:基数词/不定冠词+量词+of+不可数名词。如:aglassofwater一杯水;twopiecesofpaper两张纸。【注意】不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词取决于of前面的名词的数。如:Therearethreeglassesofmilkonthetable.桌子上有三杯牛奶。考点3名词所有格名词所有格是表示名词之间的所有关系,有两种表示形式,一种是在名词后加’s;另一种是用of,表示“……的”。1.’s所有格类别构成方法举例有生命的单数名词加’sJim’sfather吉姆的爸爸;Father’sDay父亲节有生命的复数名词以-s结尾加’thestudents’desks学生们的课桌;Teachers’Day教师节不以-s结尾一般加’sChildren’sDay儿童节;Women’sDay妇女节类别构成方法举例表示两个人共有一物时在后一个名词后加’sTomandPeter’sroom汤姆和彼得的房间(两人共有)表示两个人分别拥有某物时在两个名词后分别加’sTom’sandPeter’srooms汤姆和彼得的房间(两人分别拥有)表示时间、距离、国家、地点和自然现象等无生命的名词时可在词尾加’s或’enminutes’walk步行十分钟的路程;anhour’srest一个小时的休息2.of所有格用来表示无生命的名词所有格。如:themapofChina中国地图;thedooroftheroom房间的门。3.双重所有格①of+名词所有格。如:Heisafriendofmybrother’s.他是我弟弟(哥哥)的一位朋友。②of+名词性物主代词。如:Issheadaughterofyours?她是你的一个女儿吗?考点4名词词缀名词后缀例词-erwait→waiter;report→reporter-orvisit→visitor;act→actor-istart→artist;science→scientist;tour→tourist;piano→pianist-mentdevelop→development-nessill→illness;sad→sadness;busy→business-tioneducate→education;invite→invitation-cedifferent→difference;important→importance-iondecide→decision;express→expression-anAmerica→American;Russia→Russian-shipfriend→friendship;relation→relationship-sureplease→pleasure-domfree→freedom英语中,有时一个名词加上不同的前缀或后缀就可以变为形容词。如:sleep(睡觉)→asleep(睡着的)→sleepy(瞌睡的;困乏的);help(帮助)→helpful(有帮助的)等。常见的名词变形容词的方法有:名词方法举例表天气的名词-ycloud→cloudy;sun→sunny;wind→windy;rain→rainy表方位的名词-ernwest→western;south→southern;east→eastern;north→northern表时间的名词-lyweek→weekly;day→daily;year→yearly表物质的名词-en/-ywood→wooden;gold→golden;sand→sandy;stone→stony表情感的名词-fulcare→careful;beauty→beautiful;hope→hopeful;use→useful-yluck→lucky;health→healthy;noise→noisy-lesscare→careless;home→homeless;hope→hopeless表大洲与国家的名词-nAmerica→American;Russia→Russian考点5名词辨析1.语境辨析分析临沂近十年的单项填空可以看出,名词辨析侧重于对语境辨析的考查,同时减少对单复数和固定搭配的考查。学生在做题时,首先要读懂句意,抓住题干中的关键信息,并分析各个选项的意思,结合日常生活中的常识及语境,即可选出正确答案。如:我们口渴了就需要水(water)和饮料(tea,coffee,juice等);饿了就需要食物(bread,rice,meat,noodles等);我们邮寄东西就要去邮局(postoffice)等。2.近义词辨析(1)house,family与homehouse指供一家人住的“房子”,侧重于具体的建筑物family指由父母、子女所组成的“家庭”,是集体名词,既可把它看成单数名词(指整体概念),也可视为复数名词(指家庭成员)home指一个人出生或居住的地方,是有抽象意义上的“家”(2)sound,noise与voicesound指可以听到的任何“声音”noise常指太响或人们不愿听到的声音,多指“嘈杂声;噪音”等voice指“说话声;唱歌声;嗓音”等(3)job与workjob是可数名词,指一项具体的工作,多指“零工”或“短工”work是不可数名词,指“工作;劳动;努力;用功”(4)problem与question两个词都表示“问题”。problem总是与“困难”相联系,它可以指社会问题、教学问题,这种“问题”是“有待解决的”,与其搭配的动词是solve;question总是与“疑问;质问;询问”相联系,这种“问题”是“有待回答的”,与其搭配的动词是answer。十年真题全练近十年来,临沂中考对名词的考查,主要考查的是名词复数、名词所有格及名词词缀。考查形式主要是单项填空、词形转换、听写等。预计2018年,可数名词复数、名词所有格和名词词缀仍是考查的重点。考点1可数名词复数1.[2017·临沂,63]—Howlongdoesittakeyoutogettoschool?—About20____bysubway.(minute)2.[2016·临沂,57]YoumayfindmostChinese___(kid)don’tgetenoughexercise.3.[2015·临沂,57]Bytheendofthismonth,peopleinBeijingwillbeabletobrushtheir__(tooth)withwaterfromHubei.4.[2014·临沂,58]Everyoneknowsthat___(library)areplacesforpeopletostudy.minuteskidsteethlibraries5.[2013·临沂,63]Pleasefinishyourfood.Therearemanyhungry___(baby)intheworld,youknow.6.[2011·临沂,73]Asweknow,ZhangJiajieisfamousforthedifferent__(shape)ofmountains.7.[2008·临沂,71]Therearemanyfresh___(potato)inthesupermarket.8.[2008·临沂,68]—Howdoyouknowthatautumnhasarrived?—Onewayisthatthetree___(leaf)becomeyelloworred.babiesshapespotatoesleaves考点3名词所有格9.[2015·临沂,19]Ilivenearthestation.It’sonlyaboutfivewalk.A.minute’sB.minuteC.minutes’D.minutes10.[2014·临沂,60]Itissaidthat(tomorrow)sportsmeetinghasbeenputoffbecauseofthebadweather.11.[2008·临沂,18]Thisisnotmydictionary.It’s___.Shelentittomethismorning.A.mysisterB.mysistersC.mysister’sD.mysisters’Ctomorrow’sC考点4名词词缀12.[2017·临沂,67]MaryandTonyareapairofpetpigs.Thetwohaverecentlygotaspeciallicensesothattheir____(own)cantakethemforawalk.13.[2016·临沂,62]Schoolbus____(safe)isabigprobleminChina.14.[2015·临沂,63]Afterclass,childrenwentoutoftheirclassroomtoenjoythe____(warm)ofthesun.15.[2014·临沂,62]The____(win)ofthephotocompetitionwasa30-year-oldmanfromShanghai.16.[2013·临沂,64]Theboyistooyoungtoknowthe___(dangerous)ofsmoking.owner(s)safetywarmthwinnerdanger17.[2013·临沂,65]Nancywantstobecomea___(translate)whenshegrowsup.18.[2012·临沂,71]LiNaisanoutstandingtennis_(play).19.[2011·临沂,74]Davidisgoodatdrawingandhe’sgoingtobean___(art)whenhegrowsup.20.[2010·临沂,72]ThePalaceMuseumhasalarge__(collect).Peoplecanlearnalotinit.21.[2008·临沂,67]Xiaomengisapopular__(report)atCCTVSta
本文标题:(临沂专版)2018中考英语总复习 第二部分 专项语法 高效突破 专项1 名词课件
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