伊斯兰教法

伊斯兰教法第一部分：浅析浅析伊斯兰法与伊斯兰教的关系龙源期刊网.cn浅析伊斯兰法与伊斯兰教的关系作者：谭晓慧来源：《法制博览》2014年第08期【摘要】在伊斯兰世界里，法律与宗教从来就不是相互分离的。在法律被披上宗教外衣的同时，宗教也一定程度上被赋予了法律的权威。伊斯兰教与伊斯兰法就是这样千百年来不断的相互推动，共同作用于全世界穆斯林的法治、道德、传统观念之中，使得法律没有沦为僵死的教条，也使得宗教没有退化为私人的狂信①。【关键词】伊斯兰；婚姻制度；法律；宗教一、从面纱到伊斯兰婚姻制度“你对信女们说，叫她们降低视线，遮蔽下身，莫露出首饰，除非自然露出的，叫她们用面纱遮蔽胸膛……”②不论是从《古兰经》中这则训诫还是从其语法都不难得出如下结论：其一，伊斯兰妇女应遮蔽“羞体”，不可外露于丈夫、父亲、丈夫的儿子以外的人；其二，伊斯兰妇女为伊斯兰男性的附属。首先，就婚姻本身而言，传统伊斯兰法认为婚姻是一种特殊买卖契约。阿拉伯半岛在伊斯兰教产生以前盛行买卖婚姻，妇女只是作为婚姻买卖的对象。而在伊斯兰教产生以后，男性应向女性给付聘礼，作为女性出让其性权利的回报。其次，《古兰经》中有明确规定：“你们可以择娶你们爱悦的女人，各娶两妻、三妻、四妻；如果你们恐怕不能公平地待遇她们，那么，你们只可以各娶一妻……”③而在现代信奉伊斯兰教较多的阿拉伯国家能看到几座一模一样挨在一起的房屋，其中很有可能分别居住着一位男性穆斯林的一个个妻子。也就是说，一位适龄的伊斯兰男性只要有足够的抚养能力并且能公平对待他的每一个妻子，他就同时可以与四名女子结婚。这并不代表伊斯兰国家与穆斯林本身的滞后与不开化，相反，是伊斯兰教与伊斯兰法不断进步的体现。因为在伊斯兰教产生初期男性穆斯林可以无限制娶妻，而最多择娶四名女的规定无疑是对无限制的多妻制的妥协与限制。再次，从婚姻的实质要件和程序要件来看，古代伊斯兰各学派有不同的主张，但概括的看，伊斯兰教认可童婚制，结婚年龄比较低，例如穆罕默德迎娶阿伊莎时她的年龄仅有七岁。而在结婚程序上，穆斯林男女的婚姻都须有伊斯兰信徒在场作证。此外，《古兰经》中还规定了许多结婚的禁止性条件，例如：女性穆斯林不得嫁给伊斯兰信徒以外的人；血亲不得结婚；姻亲不得结婚；不得超过最高娶妻限额等。《古兰经》中还规定了一些特殊的婚姻制度，例如：女子被休后必须等待三个经期才能结婚，这样用来保证该女子未孕育其丈夫的孩子。所以，《古兰经》中所规定的伊斯兰婚姻制度不仅渗透在伊斯兰法中，也已深深渗透每一位伊斯兰信徒的思想之中。他们的宗教信仰从人类认知深度和思维能力篇二：伊斯兰法IslamiclawIslamiclawisaparticularlyinstructiveexampleof“sacredlaw”.Islamiclawisaphenomenonsodifferentfromallotherformsoflaw,notwithstanding,ofcourse,aconsiderableandinevitablenumberofcoincidenceswithoneortheotherofthemasfarassubjectmatterandpositiveenactmentsareconcernedthatitsstudyisindispensableinordertoappreciateadequatelythefullrangeofpossiblelegalphenomena.Eventhetwootherrepresentativesofsacredlawthatarehistoricallyandgeographicallynearesttoit,JewishlawandRomanCatholiccanonlaw,areperceptiblydifferent.BothJewishlawandcanonlawaremoreuniformthanIslamiclaw.ThoughhistoricallythereisadiscerniblebreakbetweenJewishlawofthesovereignstateofancientIsraelandoftheDiaspora(thedispersionofJewishpeopleaftertheconquestofIsrael),thespiritofthelegalmatterinlaterpartsoftheOldTestamentisveryclosetothatoftheTalmud,oneoftheprimarycodificationsofJewishlawintheDiaspora.Islam,ontheotherhand,representedaradicalbreakawayfromtheArabpaganismthatprecededit;Islamiclawistheresultofanexamination,fromareligiousangle,oflegalsubjectmatterthatwasfarfromuniform,comprisingasitdidthevariouscomponentsofthelawsofpre-IslamicArabiaandnumerouslegalelementstakenoverfromthenonArabpeoplesoftheconqueredterritories.Allthiswasunifiedbybeingsubjectedtothesamekindofreligiousscrutiny,theimpactofwhichvariedgreatly,beingalmostnonexistentinsomefields,andinothersoriginatingnovelinstitutions.Thiscentraldualityoflegalsubjectmatterandreligiousnormisadditionaltothevarietyoflegalethicalandritualrulesthatistypicalofsacredlaw.Initsrelationtothesecularstate,IslamiclawdifferedfrombothJewishandcanonlaw.Jewishlawwasbuttressedbythecohesionofthecommunity,reinforcedbypressurefromoutside:itsrulesarethedirectexpressionofthisfeelingofcohesion,tendingtowardtheaccommodationofdissent.CanonandIslamiclaw,onthecontrary,weredominatedbythedualismofreligionandstate，wherethestatewasnot,incontrastwithJudaism,analienpowerbutthepoliticalexpressionofthesamereligion.Buttheconflictbetweenstateandreligiontookdifferentforms;inChristianityitappearedasthestruggleforpoliticalpoweronthepartofatightlyorganizedecclesiasticalhierarchy,andcanonlawwasoneofitspoliticalweapons.Islamiclaw,ontheotherhand，wasneversupportedbyandorganizedinstitution;consequentlythereneverdevelopedanoverttrialofstrength.TheremerelyexisteddiscordancebetweenapplicationofthesacredlawandmanyoftheregulationsframedbyIslamicstates;thisantagonismvariedaccordingtoplaceandtime.1.Theauthor’spurposeincomparingIslamiclawtoJewishlawandcanonlawismostprobablyto:(A)contendthattraditionallegalsubjectmatterdoesnotplayalargeroleinIslamiclaw.(B)SupporthisargumentthatIslamiclawisauniquekindoflegalphenomenon.(C)Emphasizethevarietyofformsthatcanallbeconsideredsacredlaw.(D)Provideanexampleofhowhebelievescomparativeinstitutionalstudyshouldbeundertaken.(E)Arguethatgeographicalandhistoricalproximitydoesnotnecessarilyleadtoparallelinstitutionaldevelopment.2.Thepassageprovidesinformationtoanswerwhichofthefollowingquestions?(A)DoesIslamiclawdependonsourcesotherthanArablegalprinciples?(B)WhatsecularpracticesofIslamicstatesconflictedwithIslamiclaw?(C)AreJewishlawandcanonlawthemosttypicalexamplesofsacredlaw?(D)IsJewishlawmoreuniformthancanonlaw?(E)WhatcharacterizedArablawofthepre-Islamicera?3.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutsacredlawiscorrect?(A)Thevarioussystemsofsacredlaworiginatedinalimitedgeographicalarea.(B)Thevarioussystemsofsacredlawhavehadmarkedinfluenceononeanother.(C)Systemsofsacredlawusuallyrelyonawidevarietyofprecedents.(D)Systemsofsacredlawgenerallycontainprescriptionsgoverningdiverseaspectsofhumanactivity.(E)Systemsofsacredlawfunctionmosteffectivelyincommunitieswithrelativelysmallpopulations.4.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheapplicationofIslamiclawinIslamicstateshas(A)Systematicallybeenopposedbygroupswhobelieveitiscontrarytotheirinterest(B)Sufferedirreparablyfromthelackoffirminstitutionalbacking(C)Frequentlybeenatoddswiththelegalactivityofgovernmentinstituti