【管理类】组织行为学(5)

Class7.FoundationofGroupBehavior§7.1Defining&Classifying2ormoreindividuals,interacting&interdependent,,whohavecometogethertoachieveparticularobjectives.1.FormalGroup•Adesignatedworkgroupdefinedbytheorganization’sstructure•Commandgroup--Amanager&hisorherimmediatesubordinates•Taskgroup--Thoseworkingtogethertocompleteajobtask•Whydopeoplejoingroup?----Security,Status,Self-esteem,Affiliation,Power,GoalAchievement2.InformalGroup•Agroupthatisneitherformallystructurednororganizationallydetermined;appearsinresponsetotheneedforsocialcontract•Interestgroup--Thoseworkingtogethertoattainaspecificobjectivewithwhicheachisconcerned•Friendshipgroup--ThosebroughttogetherbecausetheyshareoneormorecommoncharacteristicClass7.FoundationofGroupBehavior§7.2StagesofGroupdevelopment1.The5-StageModelFromthemid-1960s•Forming--characterizedbymuchuncertainty•Storming--intragroupconflict•Norming--closerelationship&cohesiveness•Performing--Whenthegroupisfullyfunctional•Adjourning--fortemporarygroups,characterizedbyconcernwithwrappingupactivitiesratherthantaskperformance•Criticism:donotproceedsclearly,simultaneous,regress;ignoresorganizationalsetting2.ThePunctuated-EqulibriumMStudiesofmorethanadozen,groupdon’tdevelopinauniversalsequence•Thetimingofwhengroupsform&changethewaytheyworkishighlyconsistent•(1)The1stmeetingsetsthedirection;(2)the1stphaseofgroupactivityisoneofinertia;(3)atransitiontakesplaceattheendofthe1stphasewhenthegrouphasuseduphalfit’sallottedtime;(4)thetransitioninitiatesmajorchanges;(5)a2ndphaseofinertiafollowsthetransition;(6)thegroup’slastmeetingischaracterizedbymarkedlyacceleratedactivityClass7.FoundationofGroupBehavior§7.3SociometryAnanalyticaltechniqueforgroupinteraction----findoutwhopeoplelikeordislike&whomtheywouldornottoworkwithSociogram--Adiagramthatgraphicallymapsthepreferredsocialinteractionsobtainedfrominterviewsorquestionnaires.Keyterms•Socialnetworks--specificsetoflinkagesamongadefinedsetofindividuals.•cluster--groupexistingPrescribedcluster--formalgroups•Emergentclusters--informal,unofficialgroups•Coalitions--aclusterofindividualswhotemporarilycometogethertoachieveaspecificpurpose•Cliques--relativelypermanentinformalgroupsinnetwork•Stars--onewiththemostlinkagesIsolates--•Liaison--oneconnecting2ormoreclustersbutareoutside•Bridges--servingasalinkingpinsbybelongto2ormoreClass7.FoundationofGroupBehavior§7.4ExplainingworkgroupbehaviorthemajorcomponentsdeterminingPerformance&satisfaction1.GroupbehaviormodelExternalconditionsimposedonthegroupGroupmemberresourcesGroupstructureGroupprocessPerformance&satisfactionGrouptask2.Externalconditionsimposedonthegroup•Organizationstrategy•authoritystructure•formalregulations--rule,procedure,policies•organizationalresources--modernhigh-qualitytools•personnelselectionprocess•performanceevaluation&rewardsystem•organizationalculture•physicalworksetting--layout,acoustic3.Groupmemberresources•Abilities•personalitycharacteristics4.GroupstructureShapingthebehaviorofthemember&explainingthe--•(1)formalleadership•(2)roles--asetofexpectedbehaviorpatternsattributedtosomeoneoccupyingagivenpositioninasocialunit•roleidentity--certainattitudes&behaviorsconsistentwith•roleperception--one’sviewofhowheissupposedtoactin•roleexpectation--howothersbelieveone’sactioningiven-•psychologicalcontract--anunwrittenagreementthatsetoutwhatmanagementexpectsfromtheemployee,&viceversa•roleconflict--confrontedbydivergentroleexpectation•experiment--simulatedprison4.Groupstructure(3)norms•Acceptablestandardsofbehaviorwithinagroupthataresharedbythegroup’smembers•commonclassesofnorms--performance-relatedprocesses;appearancefactors(dress,loyalty)•the“how”&“why”ofnorms--(1)explicitstatement;(2)criticeventsinthehistory;(3)primacy;(4)carry-overbehaviorfrompastsituation.Importance.(!)facilitatingit’ssurvival;(2)increasingthepredictabilityofthebehavior;(3)reducesembarrassinginterpersonalproblems;(4)centralvalueexpressing&clarifyingidentity•conformity--adjustingone’sbehaviortoalignwithnorms4.Groupstructure(4)status•Asociallydefinedpositionorrankgiventogroupsorgroupmembersbyothers•formal&informalstatus--imposedbyagroupthroughtitlesoramenities;acquiredbysuchcharacteristicaseducation,age,gender,skill,&experience•status&norms--high-status,deviationfromnorm•statusequity--thestatusaccoutrements,congruence4.Groupstructure(5)size•Largegroupsaregoodforgainingdiverseinput--fact-finding,butsmallergroupsarebetteratdoingsomethingproductivewiththatinput•socialloafing--thetendencyforonetoexpendlesseffortwhenworkingcollectivelythanindividually--othersshare,dispersionofresponsibility•groupwithanoddNr.ofmemberstendtobepref;groupsmadeupof5--7membersdoagoodjobofexercisingthebestelementsofbothsmall&4.Groupstructure(6)composition•Groupactivitiesrequireavarietyofskills&knowledge,diversity,heterogeneous•groupdemography--thedegreetowhichmembersofagroupshareacommondemographicattribute,suchasage,sex,race,educationlevel,orlengthofserviceintheorganization,&theirimpactonturnover•cohorts--aspartofagroup,individualsholdingacommonattribute5.Groupprocessesho