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-1-第三讲主旨大意题[整体感知·明方向]主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目,因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力,也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。文章中没有明显的解题依据,需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括,才能归纳出文章的主旨。此类题目可分为三大类,即标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。要做好主旨大意题,我们首先必须了解其正确选项和干扰选项的特征。常见设问方式1.标题归纳题Thebesttitleofthepassageis________.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?Themostappropriatetitleofthepassageis________.2.文章大意题What'sthemainidea/pointofthepassage?Thepassageismainlyabout________.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?Thegeneral/mainideaofthepassageisabout________.3.段落大意题WhatdoestheauthortellusinParagraph...?Themainideaofthesecondparagraphprobablyis________.Thefirstparagraphismainlyabout________.WhichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizePar.1?正确选项特征干扰选项特征1.涵盖性强,覆盖全文或全段。2.确定的范围恰当,既不太大,也不太小。3.精确性强,不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。1.过于笼统,不知所云所给选项内容概括的范围过大,超出文章所述内容。2.以偏概全,主次不分所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容,或以文章中的细节信息或个别词为选项的设置内容,或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。3.移花接木,偷换概念所给选项被命题者有意识地把-2-本属于A的内容放在B上,若不留神,极易选错答案。4.无中生有,生搬硬套所给选项的关键词语虽然在文章中谈到了,但经过仔细阅读分析之后,发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。[分类例析·通技法]标题归纳题◆[解题攻略]理解标题的3大特点,巧用3大方法确定文章标题一个好的标题应具备三大特点:1.概括——准确而又简短;2.针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符;3.醒目——能引发读者的阅读欲望。因此有必要掌握以下三大方法:1.正面肯定法:在理解文章主旨的基础上,揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨;2.反面否定法:撇开原文,拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容,然后和原文章对照,一一排除不符选项;3.研读备选项本身:研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等。◆[典例](2019·全国卷Ⅱ,阅读D)Bacteriaareanannoyingproblemforastronauts.Themicroorganisms(微生物)fromourbodiesgrowuncontrollablyonsurfacesoftheInternationalSpaceStation,soastronautsspendhourscleaningthemupeachweek.HowisNASAovercomingthisverytinybigproblem?It'sturningtoabunchofhighschoolkids.Butnotjustanykids.ItisdependingonNASAHUNCHhighschoolclassrooms,liketheonescienceteachersGeneGordonandDonnaHimmelbergleadatFairportHighSchoolinFairport,NewYork.HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengineers.Forthepasttwoyears,Gordon'sstudentshavebeenstudyingwaystokillbacteriainzerogravity,andtheythinkthey'reclosetoasolution(解决方案).“Wedon'tgivethestudentsanybreaks.TheyhavetodoitjustlikeNASAengineers,”saysFlorenceGold,aprojectmanager.“Therearenotests,”Gordonsays.“Thereisnogradedhomework.Therealmostarenogrades,otherthan‘Areyouworkingtowardsyourgoal?’Basically,it's‘I've-3-gottoproducethisproductandthen,attheendoftheyear,presentittoNASA.’Engineerscomeandreallydoaninpersonreview,and...it'snotaverynicethingattimes.It'sahardbusinessreviewofyourproduct.”GordonsaystheHUNCHprogramhasanimpact(影响)oncollegeadmissionsandpracticallifeskills.“ThesekidsaresoabsorbedintheirstudiesthatIjustsitback.Idon'tteach.”Andthatannoyingbacteria?GordonsayshisstudentsareemailingdailywithNASAengineersabouttheproblem,readyingaworkablesolutiontotestinspace.35.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.NASA:TheHomeofAstronautsB.Space:TheFinalHomeworkFrontierC.Nature:AnOutdoorClassroomD.HUNCH:ACollegeAdmissionReform[解题思路][第一步]读文章,概括文意本文讲述了美国国家航空航天局创办了一个名为HUNCH的项目,一群高中生在项目中研究如何杀死国际空间站的细菌。[第二步]析选项,斟酌判断ANASA:宇航员的家文中虽提到有关NASA方面的内容,但这不是文章主要内容。以偏概全,主次不分B太空:高中生前沿研究Space对应太空研究,FinalHomework对应高中教育,Frontier突出了领先性涵盖性强,覆盖全文C大自然:一个课外教室并不聚焦太空领域无中生有DHUNCH:大学入学改革HUNCH主要是太空研究无中生有[答案]B文章大意题◆[解题攻略]掌握寻找主题句的4个小窍门,快速确定文章大意文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想,具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心的基础-4-上的。找出每小段的主题句,各段的主题句常在该段的首句或尾句,各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。有的文章无明显主题句,主题句隐含在段意之中,这就需要进一步加工概括。观察全文的结构安排,理解文章的“重心”和支撑性细节。用浏览法(skimming),即快速阅读文首、文尾,或每段的首句和尾句等,搜索主题线索和主题信息的方法可以快速找到主题句。以下是找主题句的四个小窍门:1.段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however,but,infact,actually等)时,该句很可能是主题句。2.首段出现疑问句时,对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。3.作者有意识地重复的观点,通常是主旨;反复出现的词语,一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。4.表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore,thus,inshort,conclude,conclusion等词。◆[典例](2019·全国卷Ⅱ,阅读C)MarianBechtelsitsatWestPalmBeach'sBarLouiecounterbyherself,quietlyreadingherebookasshewaitsforhersalad.Whatisshereading?Noneofyourbusiness!LunchisBechtel's“me”time.AndlikemoreAmericans,she'snotalone.Anewreportfound46percentofmealsareeatenaloneinAmerica.Morethanhalf(53percent)havebreakfastaloneandnearlyhalf(46percent)havelunchbythemselves.Onlyatdinnertimeareweeatingtogetheranymore,74percent,accordingtostatisticsfromthereport.“Iprefertogooutandbeout.Alone,buttogether,youknow?”Bechtelsaid,lookingupfromherbook.Bechtel,whoworksindowntownWestPalmBeach,haslunchwithcoworkerssometimes,butlikemanyofus,toooftenworksthroughlunchatherdesk.Alunchtimeescapeallowshertokeepabossfromtappingherontheshoulder.Shereturnstoworkfeelingenergized.“Today,Ijustwantedsometimetomyself,”shesaid.Justtwoseatsover,AndrewMazoleny,alocalvideographer,isfinishinghislunchatthebar.Helikesthathecansitandcheckhisphoneinpeaceorchatupthebarkeeperwithwhomhe'sonafirstnamebasisifhewantstohavealittleinteraction(交流).“Ireflectonhowmyday'sgoneandthinkabouttherestoftheweek,”hesaid.“It'sachanceforselfreflection.Youreturntoworkrechargedandwithaplan.”Thatfreedomtochooseisonereasonmorepeopleliketoeatalone.Therewasatimewhenpeoplemayhavefeltawkwardaboutaskingforatableforone,butthose-5-daysareover.Now,wehaveoursmartphonestokeepuscompanyatthetable.“Itdoesn'tfeelasaloneasitmayhavebeforealltheadvancesintechnology,”saidLaurieDemeritt,whosecompanyprovidedthestatisticsforthereport.31.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Thetrendofhavingmealsalone.B.Theimportanceofse
本文标题:山东省2020届新高考英语大二轮总复习 第二板块 阅读理解与阅读七选五 专题一 阅读理解 第二部分
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