Tennessee-Williams

——田纳西.威廉斯(age54)photographedbyOrlandFernandezin1965forthe20thanniversaryofTheGlassMenagerie.ThomasLanierTennesseeWilliamsIIIwasanAmericanplaywright,authorofmanystageclassics.HewasbornofEnglish,Welsh,andHuguenotdescent,inColumbus,Mississippi,inMarch26,1911.OnFebruary25,1983,WilliamswasfounddeadinhissuiteattheElyseeHotelinNewYorkatageof71.Father-CorneliusWilliamswasashoesalesmenthatwasanabsentandemotionallyabusivefatherMother-Edwinawasalovingbutsmotheringwoman.ShewasthedaughterofanEpiscopalministerandlivedthelifeofaSouthernbelleSister-Rose,Williams’oldersister,wasemotionallyandmentallyunstableandwaslaterlobotomized.Shewasaninspirationformuchofhiswork.SomebiographersbelievedthatthecharacterofBlancheDuBoisinAStreetcarNamedDesireisalsobasedonher.电影《欲望号街车》导演艾利亚•卡赞指出：“生命的一切是他的戏剧，而他戏剧里的一切就是他的生命。”Hisfather'sheavydrinkingandloudlyturbulentbehaviorcausedthemtomovenumeroustimesaroundthecity.TennesseeWilliamsattendedSoldanHighSchool,asettinghereferredtoinhisplayTheGlassMenagerie.LaterhestudiedatUniversityCityHighSchool.From1929to1931,heattendedtheUniversityofMissouri,inColumbia,whereheenrolledinjournalismclasses.In1936WilliamsenrolledatWashingtonUniversityinSt.LouiswherehewrotetheplayMe,Vashya(1937).By1938hehadmovedontoUniversityofIowagraduatingwithaBachelorofArtsdegreeinEnglish.HelaterstudiedattheDramaticWorkshopofTheNewSchoolinNewYorkCity.Around1939,headoptedTennesseeWilliamsashisprofessionalname.Afteryearsofobscurity,hebecamesuddenlyfamousforhisplays.TheGlassMenagerie(1945),Williams’sfirstmajorsuccess,wontheNewYorkDramaCritics’CircleAward.AStreetcarNamedDesire(1947),hissecondmajorplay,wonaPulitzerPrize,andestablishedhimasanmajorAmericandramatist.CatonaHotTinRoof(1955),alsoaPulitzerPrizeMajorplays:TheGlassMenagerie玻璃动物园AStreetcarNamedDesire欲望号街车CatonaHotTinRoof热铁皮屋顶上的猫Williamsadaptedmuchofhisbestworkforthecinema,andalsowroteshortstories,poetry,essaysandavolumeofmemoirs.In1979,fouryearsbeforehisdeath,hewasinductedintotheAmericanTheaterHallofFame.NovelsTheRomanSpringofMrs.Stone(1950,adaptedintoafilmin1961,andagainin2003)MoiseandtheWorldofReason(1975)PoetryIntheWinterofCities(1956)Androgyne,MonAmour(1977)ShortstoriesTheVengeanceofNitocris(1928)TheFieldofBlueChildren(1939)TheResemblanceBetweenaViolinCaseandaCoffin(1951)HardCandy:ABookofStories(1954)ThreePlayersofaSummerGameandOtherStories(1960)TheKnightlyQuest:aNovellaandFourShortStories(1966)OneArmandOtherStories(1967)EightMortalLadiesPossessed:aBookofStories(1974)TentWorms(1980)ItHappenedthedaytheSunRose,andOtherStories(1981)TwoPulitzerPrizes(AStreetcarNamedDesire,CatonaHotTinRoof)Thefirstplaywrighttoreceiveinthesameyear(1947):ThePulitzerPrizeforDrama,TheDonaldsonAward,TheNewYorkDramaCriticsCircleAward1.Don’tlookforwardtothedayyoustopsuffering,becausewhenitcomesyouknowyouwillbedead生於忧患，死於安乐。2.Adogstarvingathismaster'sgatepredictstheruinofthestate树死先从叶子黄。3.Iwouldratherhaveamindopenedbywonderthanoneclosedbycustom.宁愿创新，不愿陈腐。4.Gatheryourosebudswhileyoumay,oldtimeisstilla-flying,andthissameflowerthatsmilestoday,tomorrowwillbedying.未雨绸缪。5.Howeverbigthefool,thereisalwaysabiggerfooltoadmirehim.天生我材必有用。6.Belief,then,isthegreatguideofhumanlife信仰是人生的伟大向导。7.Otherpeople'sharvestsarealwaysthebestharvests,butone'sownchildrenarealwaysthebestchildren别人的收获总是最好的，自己的孩子总是最乖的。8.Thereisnofeastsonearththatdoesnotendinparting天下无不散之宴席。9.Everyonehassometrickstheycando,buteachhashisownwayofdoingthem.八仙过海，各显神通。10.Thosewhocanloseshallgain,thosewhowishgainshalllose有意栽花花不开，无心插柳柳成荫。“我的作品只有一个主题，那就是社会如何迫使那些心智敏感而又不想循规蹈矩的人走向毁灭。”——TennesseeWilliamsTheplaytakesplaceinashabbyapartmentbuildingintheworking-classdistrictofNewOrleansinthe1940’s,shortlyaftertheSecondWorldWar.Theplaydealswithacultureclashbetweentwocharacters,BlancheDubois,afadingrelicoftheOldSouthandStanleyKowalski,arisingmemberoftheindustrial,urbanworkingclass.FadingsouthernbelleBlancheDuboisdependsonthekindnessofstrangersandisadriftinthemodernworld.WhenshearrivestostaywithhersisterStellainacrowded,boisterouscornerofNewOrleans,herdelusionsofgrandeurbringherintoconflictwithStella'scrude,brutishhusbandStanley.EventuallytheirviolentcollisioncoursecausesBlanche'sfragilesenseofidentitytocrumble,threateningtodestroyhersanityandheronechanceofhappiness.BLANCHESTELLASTANLEYMITCHALLANSHEPHUNTLEIGHMainconflictBlanche1.Polite2.Vulnerable3.Sensitive4.Vain5.Creative6.Old-fashioned7.Flirtatious8.Thoughtless9.Dreamer10.InsanelifeislikeaprisoninternalandexternalforBlanche.Shetriestoliveintheworldwhichsheconstructsofapainfulexistence.Sheisanescapist.It'sonlyapapermoonHangingoveracardboardseaButitwouldn'tbemakebelieveIfyoubelievedinmeIt'sonlyacanvasskyHangingoveramuslintreeButitwouldn'tbemakebelieveIfyoubelievedinmeWithoutyourloveIt'sahonky-tonkparadeWithoutyourloveIt'samelodyplayedinapennyarcadeIt'saBarnumandbaileyworldJustaphonyasitcanbeButitwouldn'tbemakebelievedIfyoubelievedinme这不过是硬纸板上画着幽暗的海挂上纸做的月亮而已如果你愿意相信我虽然这是无法取信于人的傻事不过是在树枝搭上帆布做成一片我俩的青空如果你愿意相信我虽然这是无法取信于人的傻事没有你的爱祇是一个疯狂愚蠢的滑稽行径罢了没有你的爱祇是一首点唱机播出的旋律罢了这是我们遮风蔽雨之物，即使是虚伪的我们的城堡抵挡着世界似非而是的世界如果你愿意相信我虽然这是无法取信于人的傻事It’sonlya