托福阅读真题100篇原文+题目(四)

托福阅读真题100篇原文+题目(四)托福阅读在备考的过程中，大家可以多找一些真题来进行练习。PASSAGE4ThetermHudsonRiverschoolwasappliedtotheforemostrepresentativesofnineteenth-centuryNorthAmericanlandscapepainting.ApparentlyunknownduringthegoldendaysoftheAmericanlandscapemovement,whichbeganaround1850andlasteduntilthelate1860's,theHudsonRiverschoolseemstohaveemergedinthe1870'sasadirectresultofthestrugglebetweentheoldandthenewgenerationsofartists,eachtoassertitsownstyleastherepresentativeAmericanart.Theolderpainters,mostofwhomwerebornbefore1835,practicedinamodeoftenself-taughtandmonopolizedbylandscapesubjectmatterandweresecurelyestablishedinandfosteredbythereigningAmericanartorganization,theNationalAcademyofDesign.TheyoungerpaintersreturninghomefromtraininginEuropeworkedmorewithfiguralsubjectmatterandinaboldandimpressionistictechnique;theirprospectsforpatronageintheirowncountrywereuncertain,andtheysoughttoattractitbyattainingacademicrecognitioninNewYork.OneoftheresultsoftheconflictbetweenthetwofactionswasthatwhatinpreviousyearshadbeenreferredtoastheAmerican,native,or,occasionally,NewYorkschool—themostrepresentativeschoolofAmericanartinanygenre—hadby1890becomefirmlyestablishedinthemindsofcriticsandpublicalikeastheHudsonRiverschool.Thesobriquetwasfirstappliedaround1879.Whileitwasnotintendedasflattering,itwashardlyinappropriate.TheAcademiciansatwhomitwasaimedhadworkedandsocializedinNewYork,theHudson'sportcity,andhadpaintedtheriveranditsshoreswithvaryingfrequency.Mostimportant,perhaps,wasthattheyhadallmaintainedwithacertainfidelityamanneroftechniqueandcompositionconsistentwiththoseofAmerica'sfirstpopularlandscapeartist,ThomasCole,whobuiltacareerpaintingtheCatskillMountainsceneryborderingtheHudsonRiver.Apossibleimplicationinthetermappliedtothegroupoflandscapistswasthatmanyofthemhad,likeCole,livedonornearthebanksoftheHudson.Further,theriverhadlongservedastheprincipalroutetoothersketchinggroundsfavoredbytheAcademicians,particularlytheAdirondacksandthemountainsofVermontandNewHampshire.1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(A)TheNationalAcademyofDesign(B)PaintingsthatfeaturedtheHudsonRiver(C)NorthAmericanlandscapepaintings(D)ThetrainingofAmericanartistsinEuropeanacademies(A)Figuralpainting(B)Landscapepainting(C)Impressionisticpainting(D)Historicalpainting3.Thewordstruggleinline5isclosestinmeaningto(A)connection(B)distance(C)communication(D)competition4.Thewordmonopolizedinline7isclosestinmeaningto(A)alarmed(B)dominated(C)repelled(D)pursued5.Accordingtothepassage,whatwasthefunctionoftheNationalAcademyofDesignforthepaintersbornbefore1835?(A)Itmediatedconflictsbetweenartists.(B)Itsupervisedtheincorporationofnewartistictechniques.(C)Itdeterminedwhichsubjectswereappropriate.(D)Itsupportedtheirgrowthanddevelopment.6.Theworditinline12refersto(A)matter(B)technique(C)patronage(D)country7.Thewordfactionsinline13isclosestinmeaningto(A)sides(B)people(C)cities(D)images8.Thewordflatteringinline18isclosestinmeaningto(A)expressive(B)serious(C)complimentary(D)flashy9.Wheredidtheyoungergenerationofpaintersreceiveitsartistictraining?(A)InEurope(B)IntheAdirondacks(C)InVermont(D)InNewHampshirePASSAGE4BBDBDCACA