土木工程外文文献翻译

wordStructuralSystemstoresistLateralloads1.2.()-2-11.2.3.4.5.6.7.-3-STRESSSTRUDL-4-STRESSSTRUDL-5-IBMPittsburgh1106040-6-Pittsburgh15%-7-5/8159.728.6183.329.412.227.43.4.5.15.26.7.8.-8-=fL/E3.66138MPa1512/290001.9509450100MelbourneRialto2StructuralSystemstoresistlateralloadsCommonlyUsedstructuralSystemsWithloadsmeasuredintensofthousandskips,thereislittleroominthedesignofhigh-risebuildingsforexcessivelycomplexthoughts.Indeed,thebetterhigh-risebuildingscarrytheuniversaltraitsofsimplicityofthoughtandclarityofexpression.-9-Itdoesnotfollowthatthereisnoroomforgrandthoughts.Indeed,itiswithsuchgrandthoughtsthatthenewfamilyofhigh-risebuildingshasevolved.Perhapsmoreimportant,thenewconceptsofbutafewyearsagohavebecomecommonplaceintodaystechnology.Omittingsomeconceptsthatarerelatedstrictlytothematerialsofconstruction,themostcommonlyusedstructuralsystemsusedinhigh-risebuildingscanbecategorizedasfollows:1.Moment-resistingframes.2.Bracedframes,includingeccentricallybracedframes.3.Shearwalls,includingsteelplateshearwalls.4.Tube-in-tubestructures.5.Tube-in-tubestructures.6.Core-interactivestructures.7.Cellularorbundled-tubesystems.Particularlywiththerecenttrendtowardmorecomplexforms,butinresponsealsototheneedforincreasedstiffnesstoresisttheforcesfromwindandearthquake,mosthigh-risebuildingshavestructuralsystemsbuiltupofcombinationsofframes,bracedbents,shearwalls,andrelatedsystems.Further,forthetallerbuildings,themajoritiesarecomposedofinteractiveelementsinthree-dimensionalarrays.Themethodofcombiningtheseelementsistheveryessenceofthedesignprocessforhigh-risebuildings.Thesecombinationsneedevolveinresponsetoenvironmental,functional,andcostconsiderationssoastoprovideefficientstructuresthatprovokethearchitecturaldevelopmenttonewheights.Thisisnottosaythatimaginativestructuraldesigncancreategreatarchitecture.Tothecontrary,manyexamplesoffinearchitecturehavebeencreatedwith-10-onlymoderatesupportfromthestructuralengineer,whileonlyfinestructure,notgreatarchitecture,canbedevelopedwithoutthegeniusandtheleadershipofatalentedarchitect.Inanyevent,thebestofbothisneededtoformulateatrulyextraordinarydesignofahigh-risebuilding.Whilecomprehensivediscussionsofthesesevensystemsaregenerallyavailableintheliterature,furtherdiscussioniswarrantedhere.Theessenceofthedesignprocessisdistributedthroughoutthediscussion.Moment-ResistingFramesPerhapsthemostcommonlyusedsysteminlow-tomedium-risebuildings,themoment-resistingframe,ischaracterizedbylinearhorizontalandverticalmembersconnectedessentiallyrigidlyattheirjoints.Suchframesareusedasastand-alonesystemorincombinationwithothersystemssoastoprovidetheneededresistancetohorizontalloads.Inthetallerofhigh-risebuildings,thesystemislikelytobefoundinappropriateforastand-alonesystem,thisbecauseofthedifficultyinmobilizingsufficientstiffnessunderlateralforces.AnalysiscanbeaccomplishedbySTRESS,STRUDL,orahostofotherappropriatecomputerprograms;analysisbytheso-calledportalmethodofthecantilevermethodhasnoplaceintodaystechnology.Becauseoftheintrinsicflexibilityofthecolumn/girderintersection,andbecausepreliminarydesignsshouldaimtohighlightweaknessesofsystems,itisnotunusualtousecenter-to-centerdimensionsfortheframeinthepreliminaryanalysis.Ofcourse,inthelatterphasesofdesign,arealisticappraisalin-jointdeformationisessential.-11-BracedFramesThebracedframe,intrinsicallystifferthanthemomentresistingframe,findsalsogreaterapplicationtohigher-risebuildings.Thesystemischaracterizedbylinearhorizontal,vertical,anddiagonalmembers,connectedsimplyorrigidlyattheirjoints.Itisusedcommonlyinconjunctionwithothersystemsfortallerbuildingsandasastand-alonesysteminlow-tomedium-risebuildings.Whiletheuseofstructuralsteelinbracedframesiscommon,concreteframesaremorelikelytobeofthelarger-scalevariety.Ofspecialinterestinareasofhighseismicityistheuseoftheeccentricbracedframe.Again,analysiscanbebySTRESS,STRUDL,oranyoneofaseriesoftwoorthreedimensionalanalysiscomputerprograms.Andagain,center-to-centerdimensionsareusedcommonlyinthepreliminaryanalysis.ShearwallsTheshearwallisyetanotherstepforwardalongaprogressionofever-stifferstructuralsystems.Thesystemischaracterizedbyrelativelythin,generally(butnotalways)concreteelementsthatprovidebothstructuralstrengthandseparationbetweenbuildingfunctions.Inhigh-risebuildings,shearwallsystemstendtohavearelativelyhighaspectratio,thatis,theirheighttendstobelargecomparedtotheirwidth.Lackingtensioninthefoundationsystem,anystructuralelementislimitedinitsabilitytoresistoverturningmomentbythewidthofthesystemandbythegravityloadsupportedbytheelement.Limitedtoanarrowoverturning,One-12-obvioususeofthesystem,whichdoeshavetheneededwidth,isintheexteriorwallsofbuilding,wheretherequirementforwindowsiskeptsmall.Structuralsteelshearwalls,generallystiffenedagainstbucklingbyaconcreteoverlay,havefoundapplicationwhereshearloadsarehigh.Thesystem,intrinsicallymoreeconomicalthansteelbracing,isparticularlyeffectiveincarryingshearloadsdownthroughthetallerfloorsintheareasimmediatelyabovegrade.Thesystemhasthefurtheradvantageofhavinghighductilityafeatureof