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范文范例精心整理第五章化学平衡5-1.在某恒定的温度和压力下,取n0﹦1mol的A(g)进行如下化学反应:A(g)00若B﹦A,试证明,当反应进度B(g)﹦0.5mol时,系统的吉布斯函数G值为最小,这时A,B间达到化学平衡。解:设反应进度为变量A(g)B(g)0t﹦0nA,0﹦n00﹦0t﹦t平nAnB﹦nBBnB﹦B,nA﹦n0-nB﹦n0-B,n﹦nA+nB﹦n0气体的组成为:yA﹦nnAn﹦0B﹦1,yB﹦B﹦n0n0n0nn各气体的分压为:pA﹦pyA﹦p(1n0),pB﹦pyB﹦pn0各气体的化学势与0RTln的关系为:AApAp0RTln(1)Ap0p0n0pBp0RTlnB00ppn0pp(1)nRTln+Bp0n0p0n00BBRTln由G=nAA+nBB00=(nAA+nBB)+nARTln=[n0-0A+0B]+n0RTlnp(n)RTln(1)RTln++0n0n0p0p(n)RTln(1)RTln)++00nnp00000因为B﹦A,则G=n0(A+RTlnGnRT2G()T,pRTln(2)T,p0<0n0(n0)令(G1)T,p0n01﹦0.5此时系统的G值最小。word完美格式范文范例精心整理5-2.已知四氧化二氮的分解反应N2O4(g)2NO2(g)0在298.15K时,rGm=4.75kJ·mol-1。试判断在此温度及下列条件下,反应进行的方向。(1)N2O4(100kPa),NO2(1000kPa);(2)N2O4(1000kPa),NO2(100kPa);(3)N2O4(300kPa),NO2(200kPa);解:由Jp进行判断0pNO2rGm475000)=exp(-)=0.1472Jp=K=exp(-RTpN2O4p0R298.15210002(1)Jp==100Jp>K0反应向左进行。或ΔrGm=16.1654100100kJ·mol-11002(2)Jp==0.1Jp<K0反应向右进行。或ΔrGm=-0.96771000100kJ·mol-12002(3)Jp==1.3333Jp>K0反应向左进行。或ΔrGm=3001005.4631kJ·mol-15-3.一定条件下,Ag与H2S可能发生下列反应:2Ag(s)+H2S(g)Ag2S(s)+H2(g)25℃,100kPa下,将Ag置于体积比为10∶1的H2(g)与H2S(g)混合气体中。(1)Ag是否会发生腐蚀而生成Ag2S?(2)混合气体中H2S气体的体积分数为多少时,Ag不会腐蚀生成Ag2S?已知25℃时,H2S(g)和Ag2S(s)的标准生成吉布斯函数分别为-33.56kJ·mol-1和-40.26kJ·mol-1。0解:设反应体系中气相为理想气体,则ΔrGm=rGm+RTlnpH2pH2S(1)ΔrGm=(-40.26+33.56)+R×298.15×103×ln10=-6.7+5.708=-0.992kJ·mol-1ΔrGm<0,Ag会发生腐蚀而生成Ag2S。(2)当ΔrGm>0时,Ag不会发生腐蚀而生成Ag2S,因此word完美格式范文范例精心整理ln1yH2SyH2S01yH2SrGm6700>(-)==2.7029>14.9229RTR298.15yH2SyH2S<0.06285-4.已知同一温度,两反应方程及其标准平衡常数如下:CH4(g)+CO2(g)2CO(g)+2H2(g)K10CO(g)+3H2(g)K20CO2(g)+4H2(g)CH4(g)+H2O(g)求下列反应的K0:CH4(g)+2H2O(g)解:(2)×2-(1)=(3)K0=(K20)2(K10)15-5.在一个抽空的恒容容器中引入氯和二氧化硫,若它们之间没有发生反应,则在375.3K时的分压分别为47.836kPa和44.786kPa。将容器保持在375.3K,经一定时间后,总压力减少至86.096kPa,且维持不变。求下列反应的K0。SO2Cl2(g)SO2(g)+Cl2(g)解:反应各组分物料衡算如下SO2Cl2(g)SO2(g)+Cl2(g)0p0(SO2)p0(Cl2)pxp0(SO2)-pxp0(Cl2)-pxp=p0(SO2)+p0(Cl2)-px=86.096px=44.786+47.836-86.096=6.526p(Cl2)=47.836-6.526=41.31kPap(SO2)=44.786-6.526=kPa38.26kPaK=0pSO2pCl2pSO2Cl2p06=41.3138.26=2.42196.5261005-6.900℃,3×10Pa下,使一定量摩尔比为3∶1的氢、氮混合气体通过铁催化剂来合成氨。反应达到平衡时,测得混合气体的体积相当于273.15K,101.325kPa的干燥气体(不含水蒸气)2.024dm3,其中氨气所占的体积分数为2.056×10-3。求此温度下反应的K0。解:3yN2yN2yNH31yN20.7485word完美格式1yNH3412.056103=0.2495yH2=4范文范例精心整理2ByppNHK0=(0)ByBB=(0)233ppyH2yN2B10022.0562106-8)=(=4.489×1030000.748530.24955-7.PCl5分解反应PCl5(g)PCl3(g)+Cl2(g)在200℃时的K0=0.312,计算:(1)200℃,200kPa下PCl5的解离度。(2)摩尔比为1:5的PCl5与Cl2的混合物,在200℃,101.325kPa下,求达到化学平衡时PCl5的解离度。解:(1)设200℃,200kPa下五氯化磷的解离度为α,则PCl5(g)PCl3(g)+Cl2(g)1-αααn=1+αK=(0pp0nB)BB2002nB==0.31221001BB21=0.156=7.4103α=0.3674122p2K0或K=0α=p12K0p0=p00.312=0.36740.3122(2)设混合物的物质的量为n,五氯化磷的解离度为α',则平衡时PCl5(g)PCl3(g)+Cl2(g)1-α'α'5+α'n=6+α'K=(0pp0nB)BBnBB=B101.325(5)=0.312100(1)(6)1.3079α'2+6.5395α'-1.8474=06.53956.5395241.30791.84746.53957.2409α'===0.267921.307921.30795-8.在994K,使纯氢气慢慢地通过过量的CoO(s),则氧化物部分地被还原为Co(s)。出来的平衡气体中氢的体积分数word完美格式(H2)=0.025。在同一温度,若用CO还原CoO(s),平衡后气范文范例精心整理体中一氧化碳的体积分数(CO)=0.0192。求等物质的量的CO和H2O(g)的混合物,在994K下通过适当催化剂进行反应,其平衡转化率为多少?解:(1)CoO(s)+H2(g)39(2)CoO(s)+CO(g)51.08(3)CO(g)+H2O(g)51.08K20CO2(g)+H2(g)K=0==1.3139K103Co(s)+H2O(g)K10=(pBB10.025B)y==B0p0.025BCo(s)+CO2(g)K20=(pBB10.0192B)y==Bp00.0192B2K==1.31α=0.5337(1)2035-9。在真空的容器中放入固态的NH4HS,于25℃下分解为NH3(g)与H2S(g),平衡时容器内的压力为66.66kPa。(1)当放入NH4HS时容器内已有39.99kPa的H2S(g),求平衡时容器中的压力。(2)容器内原有6.666kPa的NH3(g),问需加多大压力的H2S,才能形成NH4HS固体?解:反应的化学计量式如下NH4HS(s)NH3(g)+H2S(g)ppp=66.66=33.33kPa2由题给条件,25°C下K0=((1)NH4HS(s)p233.332)=()=0.1111p0100NH3(g)+H2S(g)pH2S39.99+pH2SK0=pH2S(pH2S39.99)p022=0.1111pH+39.99pH2S-1111=02SpH2S=18.874kPap=2pH2S+39.99=77.738kPa(2)NH3(g)+H2S(g)1p02当Jp=<能形成NH4HS固体pH2S6.6660.1111word完美格式NH4HS(s)范文范例精心整理pH2S>1111=166.67kPa6.6665-10.25℃,200kPa下,将4mol的纯A(g)放入带活塞的密闭容器中,达到如下化学平衡A(g)2B(g)。已知平衡时,nA﹦1.697mol,nB﹦4.606mol。0(1)求该温度下反应的K0和rGm;(2)若总压为50kPa,求平衡时A,B的物质的量。22004.6062nB解:(1)K=0=3.9669=pnBnA100(4.6061.697)1.6970pB0rGm﹦-R×298.15×ln3.9669﹦-3.416kJ·mol-1(2)A(g)2B(g)n0-x2xn=n0+x2163.9669504x2nB==3.9669x==3.2615K=023.9669100(4x)(4x)pnBnA0pBmolnA=0.7385molnB=6.5229mol5-11.已知下列数据(298.15K):物质0Sm/J·mol-1·K-10cHm/kJ·mol-1C(石墨)5.740H2(g)130.68N2(g)191.60O2(g)205.140CO(NH2)2(s)104.6-631.66-393.51-285.83物质0/kJ·mol-1fGmNH3(g)-16.5CO2(g)-394.36H2O(g)-228.570求298.15K下CO(NH2)2(s)的标准摩尔生成吉布斯函数fGm,以及下列反应的K0。CO2(g)+2NH3(g)H2O(g)+CO(NH2)2(s)1O2(g)2解:CO(NH2)2(s)的生成反应为:C(石墨)+N2(g)+2H2(g)+0000=cHm(C)+2cHm(H2)-cHm[CO(NH2)2]fHmCO(NH2)2(s)=-393.51-2×285.83+631.66=-333.51kJ·mol-1word完美格式范文范例精心整理0rSm0000=Sm[CO(NH2)2]-Sm(C)-Sm(N2)-2Sm(H2)-10Sm(O2)2=104.6-5.740-191.6-2×130.68-1×205.14=-456.67J·mol-1·K-120[CO(NH2)2]=-333.51+298.15×456.67×10-3=-197.35kJ·mol-1fGm0rGm=-197.35-228.57+394.36+2×16.5=1.44kJ·mol-11.44103)=0.5594K=exp(R298.15005-12.已知298.15K,CO(g)和CH3OH(g)的fHm分别为-110.52及-200.7kJ·mol-1,0CO(g)、H2(g)、CH3OH(l)的Sm分别为197.67、130.68及127J·K-1·mol-1。又知298.15K甲醇的饱和蒸气压为16.59kPa,vapHm=38.0kJ·mol-1,蒸气可视为理想气体。求298.15K0时,下列反应的rGm及K0。CO(g)+2H2(g)CH3OH(g)0解:rHm=-200.7+110.52=-90.18kJ·mol-1CO(g)+2H2(g)CH3OH(g,p0)CH3OH(l,
本文标题:物理化学第五版课后习题答案解析
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