创业家的个性特性

EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversity第二章创业家的个性特性ThepersonalityofEntrepreneursPartI:创业家精神EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversity学习要点：Toidentifysomekeyentrepreneurialfeelingsandmotivations;Toidentifykeyelementsinanentrepreneur’sbackground;Todiscussthetypologyspecificforentrepreneurship.EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityBecauseofthecloserelationshipthatexistsbetweentheentrepreneurandhisbusiness,thesuccessorfailureofthebusinessisverymuchassociatedwithtwofactors:•Thedegreetowhichtheaimsofthebusinesscorrespondwiththerealaimsoftheentrepreneur;•Towhatextenttherealaimsoftheentrepreneurcanactually–givenhisorherpsychologicalmakeup–beachievedinpractice.Reason:EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversitySource:万桥投资有限公司执行合伙人盖晓霞()EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityPoint:Entrepreneursshareacommontypeofpersonalitywhichexplainstheirbehavior.BasicAssumption:entrepreneursareinsomewaydifferentfromthegeneralpopulationandthatthisdifferencecanbeexplainedintermsoftheentrepreneur’spersonalityprofile.Mainpsychologicalcharacteristics:nAch;risk-takingpropensity;locusofcontrol;problem-solving;value;etc.EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityThePsychologicalviewpointoftheEntrepreneurNeedforAchievement(McClelland,1965)(Wilken,1979)DesireforIndependence(Stepanek,1979)PersonalAttributes(Hornaday,1982)(Gibb,1984)(WelshandWhite,1981)Risk-Taking(ColtonandUdell,1976)(Palmer,1971)(Liles,1974)Motives(Timmonsetal.,1990)(Cole,1969)LocusofControl(Rotter,1966)(Brockhaus,1982)(Perry,1980)EntrepreneurEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityPsychologicaltestingforEntrepreneurs:Projectivetests:Theindividualwrites–or,betterstilltalks–candidlyaboutsomething(e.g.,risk-taking,innovativethought,anddecision-makingcapacity).Pencilandpapertests:Thefirsttypeseekstodeterminewhetheranindividualwhoislikelytohavethequalitiesnecessarytosucceedinsettingupandrunningasmallbusiness.Thesecondtypeseekstodeterminewhatkindofsmallbusinessactivityislikelytobesuitableforhim.EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityMcClelland’s(1961)NeedforAchievement(成就感）Definition:Adesiretodowell,notsomuchforthesakeofsocialrecognitionorprestige,butforthesakeofaninnerfeelingofpersonalaccomplishment.•Adesiretotakepersonalresponsibilityfordecisions;•Apreferencefordecisionsinvolvingmoderatedegreesofrisk;•Aninterestintheresultofdecisions;•Adislikeforroutineorrepetitivework.Influence:parentalfactors,inparticular-followingstandardsofexcellence,selfreliancetraining,lowfather–dominanceandacrucialroleformother-sonrelationshipEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversitynAchEntrepreneurshipEconomicdevelopmentHypothesis:Asocietywithagenerallyhighlevelofneedforachievementwillproducemoreenergeticentrepreneurswho,inturn,producemorerapideconomicdevelopment.Criticisms:•Inappropriateinmeasuringentrepreneurship•ThecorrelationsbetweennAchandeconomicgrowth;•Sampleanddatatotestthehypothesis;•nAchmodelsbothinfluenceandareinfluencedbyactivitiesintheenvironment.EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityRisk-Takingpropensity（风险承担）:Riskcoversanumberofareas–financialrisk,careerrisk,familyandsocialrisk,andpsychologicalrisk(Liles,1974).Ray(1986)foundthatself-esteemwascloselyassociatedwithordrivenrisk-takingpropensity.Lowself-esteem:norisksorveryhighrisks.Highself-esteem:takingrisksappropriatetovarioussituationsKnight(1971)entrepreneursmaynotbeexposedtofinancialriskbutrathertosocialandpsychologicalrisk.EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversitySelf-esteem(自尊）:定义：Self-esteemistheextenttowhichonepraise,values,approves,orlikeoneself.Also:self-worth,self-regard,self-respect,etal.Relatedto:孤独、忧郁、焦虑、孤僻等EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversitySelf-EsteemScale:1.IfellthatIamapersonofworth,atleastonanequalbasiswithothers.1.Stronglyagree2.agree3.disagree4.stronglydisagree2.IfeelthatIhaveanumberofgoodqualities.3.*Allinall,IaminclinedtofeelthatIamafailure.4.Iamabletodothingsaswellasmostotherpeople.5.*IfeelIdonothavemuchtobeproudof.6.Itakeapositiveattitudetowardmyself.7.Onthewhole,Iamsatisfiedwithmyself.8.*IwishIcouldhavemorerespectformyself.9.*Icertainlyfeeluselessattimes.10.*AttimesIthinkIamnogoodatall.EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityLocusofcontrol(命运的控制）:Locusofcontrolistheextenttowhichpeoplebelievethattheycontroltheirownlives(Rotter,1966)Internal-externalscales:Peoplewithhigh“internalscores”aremorelikelytobesuccessfulentrepreneurs.“Internal”peopletendtobemore:self-reliant,needofindependence,autonomy(KetsdeVires,1977),proactive(CromieandHohns,1982)andefficiency(BrockhausandHorwitz,1986)EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversity•N