您好,欢迎访问三七文档
当前位置:首页 > 办公文档 > 往来文书 > TED英语演讲:长生不老的细胞科学
参考资料,少熬夜!TED英语演讲:长生不老的细胞科学终点从哪里开始?对我来说,一切都是从这个小家伙开始的。这种可爱的生物——嗯,我认为它很可爱——叫做四膜虫,它是一种单细胞生物。它也被称为池塘败类。所以没错,我的职业生涯是从池塘败类开始的。结束是从何开始的?对我来说,它开始于这个小家伙。这可爱的有机体,我认为它很可爱,它叫做四膜虫,是种单细胞生物。它也就是池塘浮渣。是的,我的职涯始于池塘浮渣。Now,itwasnosurpriseIbecameascientist.Growingupfarawayfromhere,asalittlegirlIwasdeadlycuriousabouteverythingalive.Iusedtopickuplethallypoisonousstingingjellyfishandsingtothem.Andsostartingmycareer,Iwasdeadlycuriousaboutfundamentalmysteriesofthemostbasicbuildingblocksoflife,andIwasfortunatetoliveinasocietywherethatcuriositywasvalued.我变成科学家并不让人意外。我在离这里很远的地方长大,我小时候非常有好奇心,对所有的生物都好奇。我以前会捡起有致命剧毒会螫人的水母,然后对牠们唱歌。所以,开始我的职涯时,我非常好奇,想解开最根本的谜题,想知道构成生命的基础积木是什么,很幸运,我所在的社会很重视好奇心。Now,forme,thislittlepondscumcritterTetrahymenawasagreatwaytostudythefundamentalmysteryIwasmostcuriousabout:thosebundlesofDNAinourcellscalledchromosomes.AnditwasbecauseIwascuriousabouttheveryendsofchromosomes,knownastelomeres.Now,whenIstartedmyquest,allweknewwasthattheyhelpedprotecttheendsofchromosomes.Itwasimportantwhencellsdivide.Itwasreallyimportant,butIwantedtofindoutwhattelomeresconsistedof,andforthat,Ineededalotofthem.AnditsohappensthatcutelittleTetrahymenahasalotofshortlinearchromosomes,around20,000,solotsoftelomeres.AndIdiscoveredthattelomeresconsistedofspecialsegmentsofnoncodingDNArightattheveryendsofchromosomes.对我而言,四膜虫这池塘浮渣小生物是研究我最好奇的根本谜题的好方式:我们的细胞内大量的DNA,也就是所谓的染色体。因为我对染色体的末端很好奇,也就是所谓的端粒。当我开始探索,我们只知道:它们协助保护染色体的末端。细胞分裂时,这点很重要。它相当重要,但我想要了解端粒是什么组成的,为这个目的,我需要很多端粒。刚好这个可爱的小四膜虫有很多短短线性的染色体。大约两万个,所以会有很多端粒。我发现端粒包括位在染色体最末端未编码的特殊DNA区参考资料,少熬夜!段。Buthere’saproblem.Now,weallstartlifeasasinglecell.Itmultiplestotwo.Twobecomesfour.Fourbecomeseight,andonandontoformthe200millionbillioncellsthatmakeupouradultbody.Andsomeofthosecellshavetodividethousandsoftimes.Infact,evenasIstandherebeforeyou,allthroughoutmybody,cellsarefuriouslyreplenishingto,well,keepmestandingherebeforeyou.Soeverytimeacelldivides,allofitsDNAhastobecopied,allofthecodingDNAinsideofthosechromosomes,becausethatcarriesthevitaloperatinginstructionsthatkeepourcellsingoodworkingorder,somyheartcellscankeepasteadybeat,whichIassureyouthey’renotdoingrightnow,andmyimmunecellscanfightoffbacteriaandviruses,andourbraincellscansavethememoryofourfirstkissandkeeponlearningthroughoutlife.但,有一个问题。生命是从单细胞开始的。一个会变成两个,两个变成四个,四个变成八个,一路这样下去,形成了二十万兆个细胞,组成了成人的身体。有些细胞需要分裂数千次。事实上,即使我站在各位面前,我整个身体的细胞正疯狂地补充,让我能够持续站在你们面前。每当一个细胞分裂,它所有的DNA都会被复制,那些染色体中所有编码的DNA,因为那带有极重要的运作指示,让我们的细胞能处于良好的工作状态,这么一来我的心脏细胞才能保持稳定的心跳,我向各位保证,它们现在并没做到,而我的免疫细胞,能击退细菌和病毒,我们的头脑细胞能储存我们初吻的记忆,并在整个人生中持续学习。ButthereisaglitchinthewayDNAiscopied.Itisjustoneofthosefactsoflife.EverytimethecelldividesandtheDNAiscopied,someofthatDNAfromtheendsgetsworndownandshortened,someofthattelomereDNA.Andthinkaboutitliketheprotectivecapsattheendsofyourshoelace.Andthosekeeptheshoelace,orthechromosome,fromfraying,andwhenthattipgetstooshort,itfallsoff,andthatworndowntelomeresendsasignaltothecells.TheDNAisnolongerbeingprotected.Itsendsasignal.Timetodie.So,endofstory.但复制DNA的方式有个小毛病,仅是生命的事实之一。每当细胞分裂、DNA被复制,某些末端DNA会磨损缩短,一些端粒的DNA。可以用这方式来想:就像你的鞋带末端的保护套。它们能让鞋带或染色体不会被磨损,当尖端变得太短时,它就会脱落,而那被磨损掉的端粒就会发送一个讯号给细胞。「这DNA不再受到保护。」它发出讯号。是死亡的时候了。所以,故事结束。参考资料,少熬夜!Well,sorry,notsofast.Itcan’tbetheendofthestory,becauselifehasn’tdiedoffthefaceoftheearth.SoIwascurious:ifsuchwearandtearisinevitable,howonearthdoesMotherNaturemakesurewecankeepourchromosomesintact?抱歉,没那么快。故事不可能这样结束,因为生命还没从地球表面上消逝。所以我很好奇:如果这种损耗是无可避免的,大自然到底要如何确保我们能保持不让染色体受损?Now,rememberthatlittlepondscumcritterTetrahymena?Thecraziestthingwas,Tetrahymenacellsnevergotoldanddied.Theirtelomeresweren’tshorteningastimemarchedon.Sometimestheyevengotlonger.Somethingelsewasatwork,andbelieveme,thatsomethingwasnotinanytextbook.SoworkinginmylabwithmyextraordinarystudentCarolGreider--andCarolandIsharedtheNobelPrizeforthiswork--webeganrunningexperimentsandwediscoveredcellsdohavesomethingelse.Itwasapreviouslyundreamed-ofenzymethatcouldreplenish,makelonger,telomeres,andwenamedittelomerase.Andwhenweremovedourpondscum’stelomerase,theirtelomeresrandownandtheydied.Soitwasthankstotheirplentifultelomerasethatourpondscumcrittersnevergotold.还记得那池塘浮渣小生物四膜虫吗?最疯狂的是,四膜虫细胞从来不会变老或死亡。牠们的端粒并不会随时间而变短。有时甚至还会变长。还有某样东西在运作,相信我,那某样东西并不在任何教科书中。所以,我和杰出学生凯洛葛莱德在实验室中合作──凯洛和我共享这项研究赢得的诺贝尔奖──我们开始进行实验,我们发现细胞的确有其他的东西。是先前意想不到的酶(酵素),它能补充端粒,让端粒更长,我们将它命名为「端粒酶」。当我们移除池塘浮渣的端粒酶后,牠们的端粒就会耗尽而死亡。所以要归功于丰富的端粒酶,我们的池塘浮渣才能永生不老。OK,now,that’sanincrediblyhopefulmessageforushumanstobereceivingfrompondscum,becauseitturnsoutthataswehumansage,ourtelomeresdoshorten,andremarkably,thatshorteningisagingus.Generallyspeaking,thelongeryourtelomeres,thebetteroffyouare.It’stheovershorteningoftelomeresthatleadsustofeelandseesignsofaging.MyskincellsstarttodieandIstarttoseefinelines,wrinkles.Hairpigmentcellsdie.Youstarttoseegray.Immunesystemcellsdie.Youincreaseyourrisksofgettingsick.Infact,thecumulativeresearchfromthelast20yearshasmadeclearthattelomereattritioniscontributingtoourrisksof参考资料,少熬夜!gettingcardiovasculardiseases,Alzheimer’s,somecancersanddiabetes,theveryconditionsmanyofusdieof.那是我们人类能从池塘浮渣身上得到的一个非常有希望的讯息,因为结果发现,随着我们人类年纪增长,我们的端粒
本文标题:TED英语演讲:长生不老的细胞科学
链接地址:https://www.777doc.com/doc-8914045 .html