20世纪美国州政府的行政体制改革

2047102220。。。。。K712.5A1005-605X200904-0102-07ReformofAmericanstategovernmentadministrationin20thcenturyYANGCheng-liangSchoolofHistoryandCulture,LuoyangNormalUniversity,Luoyang471022,ChinaAbstract:ReformsofAmericanstategovernmentadministrationstartedatthebeginningofthe20thcentury.Inthefollowing100years,Americanstatesimplementedreformsgraduallyandsuccessively.Althoughindifferenttimeandindifferentlevel,theyreformedsimilarly.Theirreformationcanbeclassifiedintotwocategories:reorganizingstateexecutivebranchesandenhancinggovernor’sinfluences.Reformers’goalsneverfullyachieved,but,afterall,stategovernmentsbecamemoreefficientafterreforma-tion,whichmadeitpossibleforthemtoreestablishtheirpositioninAmericanfederalism.Keywords:theUnitedStatesstategovernment;administrationreform2070100。。19、20。20。。、20。。“”“”。102①。。“”、②。。19。、。、、、。1903－1907W.“、。”③。1837。、、、、、、、、。1919100④。100⑤。、、、。1913“。。”19151700、169169108。。“”5“”“”“、。”⑥20、、、。。。①AustinF.Macdonald,AmericanStateGovernmentandAdministration,NewYork:ThomasY.CrowellCompany,1940,p194.②AnnO’MBowmanandRichardC.Kearney,TheRe-surgenceoftheStates,EnglewoodCliffsNewJersey:Pren-tice-Hall,1986,p52.③M.《》1993964。.④ArthurN.HolcombeandRogerH.Wells,StateGovernmentsintheUnitedStates,NewYork:theMacmillanCompany,1926,p295.⑤JamesK.Conant,“ManagementConsequencesofthe1960-1990‘Modernization’ofStateGovernment”,inJohnJ.Gargan,HandbookofStateGovernmentAdministration,NewYork:MarcelDekker,Inc.,2000,p17.⑥JonC.Teaford,TheRiseoftheStates:EvolutionofAmericanStateGovernment,Baltimore,Maryland:theJohnsHopkinsUniversityPress,2002,pp71-72.·20·103、20、。。1、、、。。、、。。。20。1910“”。。。1917。100、、、、、、、、9。。。193726①。“”②。。1937、19471965。———1937·“”1947“”。1965、③。。1965。1965-19791521④。。197712117、176102⑤。①②AustinF.Macdonald,AmericanStateGovernmentandAdministration.NewYork:ThomasY.CrowellCompany,1940,pp327-328,330.③AnnO’MBowmanandRichardC.Kearney,TheResurgenceoftheStates,EnglewoodCliffs,NewJersey:Prentice-Hall,1986,pp48-49.④JamesK.Conant,“ManagementConsequencesofthe1960-1990‘Modernization’ofStateGovernment”,inJohnJ.Gargan,HandbookofStateGovernmentAdministration,NewYork:MarcelDekker,Inc.,2000,p19.⑤PaulAlbright,TheBookoftheStates1978-1979,Lexington,Kentucky:theCouncilofStateGovernments,1978,pp105-106.20094104。300。。·。197222①。1980。2、、。、。24。1918。②。。1940242343。196415435③。1986、3④。4。4。4。195517⑤。。。。20“”“”。、。1909·“”。、。“”。。、。①AnnO’MBowmanandRichardC.Kearney,TheResurgenceoftheStates,EnglewoodCliffs,NewJersey:Prentice-Hall,1986,p59.②AustinF.Macdonald,AmericanStateGovernmentandAdministration,NewYork:ThomasY.CrowellCompa-ny,1940,p200.③JonC.Teaford,TheRiseoftheStates:EvolutionofAmericanStateGovernment,Baltimore,Maryland:theJohnsHopkinsUniversityPress,2002,p168.④DeborahA.Gona,TheBookoftheStates1986-1987,Lexington,Kentucky:theCouncilofStateGovernments,1986,pp32-33.⑤AdvisoryCommissiononIntergovernmentalRelations,TheQuestionofStateGovernmentCapability,WashingtonD.C:GovernmentPrintingOffice,1985,p130.·20·105。。。。20。1956198828％①。。。199434.3%18.7%15.6%②。、。。。19667。。。198022,14③。。208023111945。236④。。。、。、20。。。“”。“①DavidM.Hedge.GovernanceandtheChangingAmeri－canStates,Boulder,Colorado:WestviewPress,1998,p89.②F.TedHebert“GovernorsasChiefAdministratorsandManagers”,inJohnJ.Gargan,HandbookofStateGovernmentAdministration,NewYork:MarcelDekker,Inc.,2000,p114.③AnnO’MBowmanandRichardC.Kearney,TheResurgenceoftheStates,EnglewoodCliffs,NewJersey:Prentice-Hall,1986,p58.④ThadL.Beyle,“FromGovernortoGovernors”,inCarlE.VanHorn,TheStateoftheStates,Washington,D.C:CongressionalQuarterlyInc.,1989,pp41-42.20094106。”①“”②。。1、。。19741978。“”197427.7%“”60.8%“”“”8。197826%“”62%“”“”5。。1978、“”5%、001970。“”。“”197857%“”37%“”“”33。③。2、·196019903024%④。。⑤。“”。20803/4。、、、5⑥。。20⑦19766·、·、·W.4。。①JonC.Teaford,TheRiseoftheStates:EvolutionofAmericanStateGovernment,Baltimore,Maryland:theJohnsHopkinsUniversityPress,2002,pp204-205.②JohnJ.Harrigan,PoliticsandPolicyinStates&Com－munities,NewYork:Addison-WesleyLongmanEducationalPublishersInc,1998,p280.③AdvisoryCommissiononIntergovernmentalRelations,TheQuestionofStateGovernmentCapability,WashingtonD.C:GovernmentPrintingOffice,1985,p151.④⑤DavidM.Hedge,GovernanceandtheChangingAmer－icanStates,Boulder,Colorado:WestviewPress,1998,pp93-94,98-99.⑥MichaelJ.Ross,StateandLocalPoliticsandPolicy:ChangeandReform,EnglewoodCliffs,NewJersey:Prec-tice-Hall,Inc.,1987,p97.⑦MortonKeller,“StatePowerNeedn’tBeResurrectedBecauseItNeverDied”,inLaurenceJ.O’Toole,Jr.,ed.Ameri－canIntergovernmentalRelations:Foundations,Perspectives,andIssues,Washington,D.C:CQPress,2000,p351.·20·1073、。1985“。”①。。·1949《》“、、。”·1933“。。”②“”。2060。70、“、”③。“”④,、“”⑤。〔“”01BSS005。〕1969－。①RichardP.Nathan,“TheRoleoftheStatesinAmericanFederalism”,inCarlE.VanHorn,TheStateoftheStates,Washington,D.C:CongressionalQuarterlyInc.,1989,p18.②MichaelJ.Ross,StateandLocalPoliticsandPolicy:ChangeandReform,EnglewoodCliffs,NewJerseyPrec-tice-Hall,Inc.,1987,p3.③JonC.Teaford,TheRiseoftheStates:EvolutionofAmericanStateGovernment,Baltimore,Maryland:theJohnsHopkinsUniversityPress,2002,p195.④CarlE.VanHorn,TheStateoftheStates,Washington,D.C:Congressional