国内外环境解说研究综述

:2003203;:2003204:(49631030):(19622),,,,E2mail:wubihu@urban1pku1edu1cn:100726301(2003)0320326209,,(,100871):,,,,,2060,,;,,,,:;;;:F590111,,,,,,(),,,,,,,,22320035PROGRESSINGEOGRAPHYVol122,No13May,2003©1995-2003TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.22112020,(interpretation)(lecturer),1920EnosMills(AdventuresofaNatureGuide),(interpret),(naturalguiding)20,(naturalist)30,,StephenT1Mather,Makruski(1978),,[1]Russell(1947)[2]1957Tilden(InterpretingOurHeritage),[3]1961(TheAssociationofInterpretiveNaturalists)(WesternInterpretersAssociation)(environmentalinterpretation)(heritageinterpretation),Ham(2002),20604,6070(theformativeyears),7080(searchforthebestmedium),80(questforlegitimacy),90(earlymaturation)[4]6070,,,,,80,,,,,,,,,,,212,Tilden(1967),[5]Knudson(1999),[6]Makruski(1978)[1]Sharp(1969),[7]AldersonLow(1985),[8]Pierssen(1999)[9](1999)7233:©1995-2003TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.[10](1997),[11],Ham(1992):,,[12],:,,;,,,,[13],,Sinha(1992),1970:,,,[14],,3311(),,,Ham(2002),,[4]31111(1)Istvan(1993),,,,[15]Knapp(1994)(environmentaleducationbehaviorchangemodel),,[16](2)Nichols(1985),[17]Cherem(1977)[18],Martinkovic(1977)[19]Hanna(1986)[20],7080,82322©1995-2003TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.,(3),,,,,Olson(1983),,[21]Earnest(1996),,,[22],Rice(1991),(greenlinepark),,,,[23](4),,Ham(2002),[24]Able(1991)[25]Cable(1984)(travelcostmodel),[26],(5)Ham(2002),,,,;,,,[27]Weiler(2002),,,:(1),(2),(3),(4),,,[28]31112(1),,Stewart(1998),,seekers,stumblers,shadowersshunners,seekers,9233:©1995-2003TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.learnersgatherersfillers;stumblers,,,,,:satisfiedfrustrated,shadowers,,shunners,,,[29]Ham(1992)(Captiveaudiences),(Non2captiveaudiences),,[12]Thorndyke(1977)[30],Moscardo(1986)(mindful)(mindless),[31],LangerPiper(1988),mindful,mindless[32](2)Pierssen(1999),,,,[9]PattersonBitgood(1988),14[33]Moscardo(1996)mindfulmindless,:(1);(2),;(3);(4),,[34]31113,,,Ryan(1995),,,[35],31114,:Shuman(1983)[36]Uzzell(1998),;Lee(1998)(behaviormappings),;Ashworth(1998),(pan203322©1995-2003TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.Europeandimension),;Goodey(1998)[37]Cardea(1999),,,[38]Johnson(1999),[39]Ap(2001)[40]312,19942003286,2,,(1999),,,,[41](1998),[42](2000),[43](1977)----,,[44](1987),,[45](2000),,[46]4,,,,,,,,:(1),,,,,,(2),,ö(3),,,,,,1333:©1995-2003TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.,,,(4),,,(5),,,(6),,,[1]Makruske,E1Aconceptualanalysisofenvironmentalinterpretation1Ph1D1dissertation,OhioStateUniversity119781[2]Russell,C1P1OnehundredyearsinYosemite:TheromanticstoryofearlyhumanaffairsinthecentralSierraNevada1London,England:OxfordUniversityPress119471[3]Tilden,F1Interpretingourheritage1ChapelHill,NC:UniversityofNorthCarolinaPress119571[4]Ham,S1H1Aperspectiveontheevolutionofinterpretiveresearch12002Taiwan,U1S1,andAustraliaInternationalSymposiumonEnvironmentalInterpretationandEco2tourism120021[5]Tilden,F1Interpretingourheritage(rev1ed1)1ChapelHill,NC:UniversityofNorthCarolinaPress119671[6]Knudson,D1M1,etc1Interpretationofculturalandnaturalresources1VenturePublishing,Inc119991[7]Sharp,C1C1Themanager,interpretation’sbestfriend1RockyMountain2HighPlainsParksandRecreationJournal,1969,4(1):19221[8]Alderson,W1T1andLow,S1P1Interpretationofhistoricsites(2nded1)1Nashville,TN:AmericanAssociationforStateandLocalHistory119851[9]Pierssen,A1Explainingourworld2Anapproachtotheartofenvironmentalinterpretation1E&FNSpon119991[10],11,1999,1:44461[11]1,,1997:,11,1999,(1):44461[12]Ham,S1H1Environmentalinterpretation2Apracticalguideforpeoplewithbigideasandsmallbudgets1NorthAmericanPress119921[13]Rennie,F1E1Interpretiveevaluation:Anappliedmethodologyforself2guidedtrails,M1Sc1thesis,UniversityofGuelph(Canada)119801[14]Sinha,S1,etc1:11119921[15]Istvan,L1B1Communicatingthearcane:Aconceptualframeworkforenvironmentalinterpretation,Ph1D1dissertation,UniversityofWashington119931[16]Knapp,D1H1Validatingaframeworkofgoalsforprogramdevelopmentinenvironmentalinterpretation,Ph1D1dissertation,SouthernIllinoisUniversityatCarbondale119941[17]Nichols,D1R1Useofthetactualsensemodalityinenvironmentalinterpretation(outdooreducation),Ph1D1dissertation,UniversityofOregon119851[18]Cherem,G1J1Theprofessionalinterpreter:agentforanawakeninggiant1JournalsofInterpretation11977,2(1):3161[19]Martinkovic,P1L1Theeffectsofaninterpreter’snonverbalbehavioronparkvisitorsduringanaturalhistory23322©1995-2003TsinghuaTongfangOpticalDiscCo.,Ltd.Allrightsreserved.presentation1MAThesis1OhioStateUniversity119771[20]Hanna,J1W1Evaluatinginterpretivewalks,videotechniques,inMarsh,J(ed)NaturalandCulturalHeritageInterpretationEvaluation1InterpretationCanada1Ottawa119861[21]Olson,E1C1Non2formalenvironmentaleducationinnaturalresourcesmanagement:Acasestudyintheuseofinterpretationasamanagementtoolforastatenaturepreservesystem1Ph1D1dissertation1TheOhioStateUniversity119831[22]Earnest,G1E1EnvironmentalinterpretationandvisitormanagementfortheeasternLakeOntariosandduneandwetlandarea1MSdissertation,StateUniversit