外部环境

3••••AT&T80MCISprintAT&T30AT&TMCISPrintMCIAT&T1AT&T80AT&T1998IntelMicrosoftPC2Wal-MartWal-MartWal-Mart3Nucors43.13.2AT&T103-13-13.2.1383-1Procter&GambleJoyEraLuvsRJRNabisco60Reynolds53.2.2AvedaJohnPaulMitchellProctor&GambleGilletle639(a)(j)(i)(h)(g)(f)(e)(d)(c)(b)(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)(i)(j)EthanAllen73.2.31000350000PillsburyShellOilFirestoneCBSRecords8MontagueCoca-ColaNorthernTelecomNestleCarrefour9Coca-ColaFordGerberNCRHeinz10•2111109••1992•••••DetroitHondaNissanToyotaMazdaMitsubishiSubaruIsuzu3090ZenithSonyThomson(GE)AT&TMCISprint201240Geneva-basedMorganStanleyCapitalInternational10001391000GEGEGE4014GE3.315(1)(2)16173.3.1AT&T3.3.2AT&T1018PepsiGerberTylenolBhopalUnionGarbide41()19ColeoIndustriesCabbagePatchKidsWoldsofwonderTeddyRuxpinBandaiMightyMorphinPowerRangersPlaymateToysTeenageMutantNinjaTurtles203.3.33-23-2AdaptedandreprintedfromCharacteristicsofPerceivedEnvironmentsandPerceivedEnvironmentalUncertaintybyRobertB.Duncan,publishedinAdministrativeScienceQuarterly17(1972):313-27,bypermissionofTheAdministrativeScienceQuarterly,copyright©1972byCornellUniversity.421.2.1.2.1.2.1.2.2122Mattel23243.43.4.13.4.225JohnDeereWhirpool2643(1)(2)272829InternetNutraSweetJohnson&JohnsonFDA303.4.331PaulLawrenceJayLorsch10332LawrenceLorsch3-33-344R&3-1(5)()3-1BasedonPaulR.LawrenceandJayW.Lorsch,OrganizationandEnvironment(HomewoodIII.:Irwin,1969),23-29.333-222343-2LawenceLorsch3-222%17%0%BasedonJayW.LorschandPaulR.Lawrence,EnvironmentalFactorsandOrganizationIntegration,OrganizationPlanning:CasesandConepts(Homewood,III:IrwinandDorsey,1972),45.3.4.4TomBurnsG.M.Stalker2035TomBurnsG.M.StalkerBurnsStalker453-3363-31.1.2.2.3.3.4.4.5.5.AdaptedfromGeraldZaltman,RobertDuncan,andJonnyHolbek,InnovationsandOrganizations(NewYork:Wiley,1973),131.3.4.5DisneyABCWestinghouseCBSTimeWarnerTwrnerMBWA(managementbywanderingaround)143.4.6383.53-4463-43.639471.2.3.4.5.1.2.3.4.5.1.2.3.4.5.1.2.3.4.5.40DupontMotorolaXerox41423.743(1)(2)443-43-43-43-41.1.2.2.3.3.4.4.5.3.7.11.45NovellDigitalResearch8PhilipMorrisKraftFoodsMaytagMagicChef462.4847(licenseagreement)()McDonaldsMcDonalds4849Pratt&WhitneyTenneco3.ABC50514.(DepartmentofDefense)5.DowChemical55DowDow52536.49IBMAppleAT&TMotorola3.7.21.1054RockwellInternational63AllenBradleyGoodyearTire&RubberRobertMerceGoodyearGoodyearGrandMetropolitanPillsburyBennigansSteak&AleBumbleBee2.GeneralMotorGM5.11055BabyBells5657BethlehemSteel1550BethlehemSteel2.53.4.58505960EarthFirstAIDsCoalitiontoUnleashPower(ActUP)613.7.33-53-551(10)3.8521.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.535455