室内环境与健康英文版

IndoorAirPollutionReasonsforSpecialConcern~75–90%oftimespentindoors−Timedependsonseason,age,gender,healthstatusManyairpollutantsknowntobehazardoustohealthareemittedindoorsIndoorenvironmentstrappollutants−Levelsmaybe2to5timeshigherthanoutsideAirInsideaBuildingCanBePollutedasaResultofEnergyconservationmeasures−“Airtightening”ofbuildings−Ventilation通风,standardslowered􀂄流通空气Buildingoccupancy􀂄Humanactivitiesinsidethestructure􀂄Gas-offfromsyntheticbuildingmaterials􀂄合成的,人造的,综合的RelianceonforcedairventilationsystemsBiogenicpollutants−Aeropathogens病原体(物)−Aeroallergens医高空过敏症,气源性致敏原Infiltrationfromoutdoors渗透−Moldsandfungi,combustionsources,animaldander,outdoorairpollution􀂄Reactivityofpollutants􀂄Poorhousingconditions−Verminandpests有害物害虫,寄生虫,害兽,害鸟,歹徒SourcesofIndoorAirPollutantsSourcesPollutantsSoilandgroundwaterRadonandradioactiveprogenyBuildingmaterialsandfurnishings(carpeting,paint,varnish,adhesives)Formaldehyde,asbestos,vinylchloride,organicfumesPersonalactivitiesandhobbiesCigarettesmoking,fireplacesmoke,solventandgluefumesAppliances,cooking,andheatingCarbonmonoxide,naturalgas,cookingodors,boilerandheaterfumesSourcesofIndoorAirPollutantsMoreSourcesofIndoorAirPollutantsSourcesPollutantsHouseholdchemicals(bleach,ovencleaner,insectsprays,nailpolish,hairspray)Ammonia,hydrogenchloride,pesticides,organicfumes,aerosolsElectronicequipmentandwiringOrganicfumes,electromagneticradiationPetsHair,feces,proteins,dustPlantsPollen,hydrocarbonsMoreSourcesofIndoorAirPollutantsTheStackEffectAirPollutionintheHomeAirExchangeRateRateatwhichairisreplacedinthestructurebyexternalair外部的,客观的,[医]外用的,外国的,表面的n.外部,外面−AverageforAmericanhome:0.7to1.0airchangesperhour−Tightlysealedhomeswithoutprovisionsforandexchange:~0.2airchangesperhourMake-upair(fromoutside)−Before1973:15cubicfeetperminute(cfm)perperson立方英尺/分−After1973:5.0cfmperpersonEnvironmentalTobaccoSmoke(ETS)SelectedToxinsandCarcinogensinCigarette毒素致癌物质Ratioofselectedtoxic[T]andcarcinogenic[C]agentsinside-stream(SS)smokeandmainstreamsmoke(MS)侧流烟Chemical~RatioofSS/MSCarbonmonoxide[T]3-15Benzene[C]8-10Formaldehyde[C]甲醛50Hydrazine[C]3Ammonia[T]46Tar[C]1-16Nicotine[T]烟碱1-21Benzo[a]pyrene[C]3-20Cadmium[C]镉7Nickel[C]镍13-20Source:Samet,J.SelectedToxinsandCarcinogensinCigarette毒素致癌物质Ratioofselectedtoxic[T]andcarcinogenic[C]agentsinside-stream(SS)smokeandmainstreamsmoke(MS)侧流烟TobaccoSmoke,Women,andLungCancerLungcancerinwomenaccordingtothepresenceofdirectandinvoluntarysmokingStandardFieldSurveyofIndoorRSPFieldsurveyofindoorrespirable可呼吸的suspendedparticulates(RSP)ETSParticleSizeDistributionComparisonofAirPollutantEmissionsComparisonofairpollutantemissionsfromenergyequivalentfuels(kg)inRoleofBiofuelsCookingandHeatingSource:EmissionsofTSPinSmallStovesforVariousBiofuelsEmissionoftotalsuspendedparticulates(TSP)insmallopencookstovesforvariousbiofuelsn.(家畜的)粪vt.施粪肥于IndoorAirPollutionfromBiomassCombustionSourcesofVOCsinIndoorAirSource:Samet,J.SelectedVOCsinIndoorandOutdoorAirSource:Datafrom(February1998).ScientificAmerican.SelectedIndoorAeroallergensandAeropathogensBacteria−Staphylococcusaureus−Legionella−Escherichiacoli−Salmonellaspp.−Pseudomonasaeruginosa−Mycobacter.tuberculosis−KlebsiellapneumoniaeMoreIndoorAeroallergensandAeropathogensYeasts.酵母,发酵粉−Candidaalbicans−SaccharomycescerevisiaeViruses[微]病毒,滤过性微生物,毒害,恶毒Fungi真菌类(包括霉菌,食用伞菌,酵母菌等),似真菌的,由真菌引起−Aspergillusniger−Penicilliumfunicolosum−Trichophytonspp.Amoeba阿米巴,变形虫Arthropods节肢动物−Mites,cockroachesDander头垢,头皮屑−Cat,dog,hamsterRegulatoryJurisdictionsn.权限Outdoorair:EPA,cleanairact(CAA)Occupationalair:OSHAIndoorair(apartfromoccupationalair)−Nospecificfederallaws−StateandlocaljurisdictionsregulateairqualityinpublicbuildingsStandardsinventilationandairexchangeratesControllingactivities(e.g.,smoking)LimituseofproductsthataffectairqualityPrivateresidence−MustrelyoneducationBuilding-RelatedIllnessDiscrete,identifiablediseaseorillness不连续的,离散的可以确认的CanbetracedtoaspecificpollutantorsourceswithinabuildingCough,chesttightness,fever,chills,muscleaches,ormoreseriousoutcomesLegionnairesdisease,hypersensitivity军团病（一种大叶性肺炎）超敏性pneumonitis,humidifierfever肺炎增湿器,湿润器,湿度调节器Sick-BuildingSyndrome(SBS)Setofsymptomsassociatedwithtimespentinbuilding−Respiratorytractirritation,skinirritation,headache,dizziness,nausea,fatigue,疲乏头昏眼花反胃,晕船,恶心,concentrationproblemsSymptomsdiminishorceasewhenoccupantsleavethebuildingCannotbetracedtospecificpollutantsorsourceswithinthebuildingRelatedtomultiplechemicalsensitivity(MCS)综合病症KeyPoints:IndoorsWespendupto90%ofourlivesindoorsTheindoorenvironmentcontainsmanytoxicants,eitherbecausethey’reemittedindoors(e.g.,VOCsorETS)orbecausethey’retrappedduetoenergyconservationmeasures(e.g.,respirableparticlesorradon)ETSisamajorsourceoftoxicandcarcinogenicagentsthatarelesscompletelycombustedinSSthaninMSsmokeBuilding-relatedillnesshastraceableetiology,whereassick-buildingsyndromeandmultiplechemicalsensitivitydonot