环境概论第1讲-概述生态系统与能量

环境概论IntroductiontoEnvironment董方[e-mail]土木与水利工程学院第1讲Introduction,EcosystemandEnergy概述,生态系统与能量本课程主要参考书之一Environment4/eRaven&BergAleadingtextbookonenvironmentPeterH.Raven•PeterH.Ravenisoneoftheworld‘sleadingbotanistsandadvocatesofconservationandbiodiversity.Forthreedecades,hehasheadedtheMissouriBotanicalGarden,aninstitutionhenurturedintoaworld-classcenterforbotanicalresearchandeducation,andhorticultural（园艺）display.•DescribedbyTimemagazineasaHeroforthePlanet,Ravenchampionsresearcharoundtheworldtopreserveendangeredplantsandisaleadingadvocateforconservationandasustainableenvironment.•Inrecognitionofhisworkinscienceandconservation,Ravenistherecipientofnumerousprizesandawards,includingtheprestigiousInternationalPrizeforBiologyfromthegovernmentofJapan,theU.S.NationalMedalofScience,thecountry'shighestawardforscientificaccomplishment,andtheTylerPrizeforEnvironmentalAchievement.•RavenwasamemberofPresidentBillClinton'sCommitteeofAdvisorsonScienceandTechnology.Healsoservedfor12yearsashomesecretaryoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesandisamemberoftheacademiesofscienceinArgentina,Brazil,China,Denmark,India,Italy,Mexico,Russia,Sweden,theU.K.,andseveralothercountries.大师说为何学环境•Thechallengeofcreatingandmaintainingasustainableenvironmentisprobablythesinglemostpressingissuethatwillconfrontstudentsthroughouttheirlives.•Today,environmentalscienceisnotonlyrelevanttostudents’personalexperiencesbutalsovitaltothefutureoftheentireplanet.•AshumansincreasinglyalterEarth’sland,water,andatmosphereonlocal,regional,andgloballevels,theresultingenvironmentalproblemscanseeminsurmountable.•Armedwiththepropertools,however,studentsneednotfindtheseissuesoverwhelming.•Environment,fourthedition,equipsstudentswiththemostessentialofthesetools:aworkingknowledgeoftheecologicalconceptsthatunderlieenvironmentalproblems.•Theoverarchingconceptofenvironmentalsustainabilityhasneverbeenmoreimportanttothefieldofenvironmentalsciencethanitistoday.•WehavethereforemadesustainabilityacentralthemeofEnvironmentbyintegratingitthroughoutthetext.Part1,HumansintheEnvironment环境中的人类,introducesenvironmentalscienceandcurrentenvironmentalconcerns.Thethreechaptersinthissectionalsodevelopthescientificprocessandexaminepolicies,andenvironmentalethicsaffecttheenvironment.1.OurChangingEnvironment变化的环境2.UsingSciencetoAddressEnvironmentalProblems应用科学处理环境问题3.EnvironmentalHistory,Legislation环境历史与立法Part2,TheWorldWeLivein我们所住的世界,providesadetailedintroductiontobasicecologicalprinciples.Thispart,whichconsistsoffourchapters,isorganizedaroundtheecosystem,whichisthefundamentalunitofecology.4.EcosystemsandEnergy生态系统与能量5.EcosystemandLivingOrganism生态系统与有机生物6.EcosystemsandthePhysicalEnvironment生态系统与自然环境7.MajorEcosystemsoftheWorld全球主要生态系统Part3,ACrowdedWorld拥挤的世界,discussestheprinciplesofpopulationecologyandemphasizesthefactthathumanpopulationscomplywiththesameprinciplesofpopulationecologyasotherorganisms.Thetwochaptersinthispartalsoexamineurbanizationandothersociologicalandculturalfactorsthataffecthumanpopulationgrowth.8.UnderstandingPopulationChange认识人口变化9.FacingtheProblemofOverpopulation面对人口爆炸问题Part4,TheSearchforEnergy寻求能源,considerstheenvironmentalimpactofthehumanquestforenergy.Thispart,whichconsistsofthreechapters,discusseskeyissuesassociatedwiththeuseoffossilfuels,nuclearpower,andrenewableenergysources.10.FossilFuels化石燃料11.NuclearEnergy核能12.RenewableEnergyandConservation可再生能源与保护Part5,OurPreciousResources我们宝贵资源,examinestheoveruseandabuseofnaturalresources.Thesixchaptersinthissectionexploreresourceissuesanddilemmasinvolvingwater,soil,mineral,biologicalresources,landandfoodproduction.13.Water:AFragileResources水:脆弱的资源14.SoilsandTheirPreservation土壤与保护15.Minerals:AnonrenewableResource矿藏:不可再生的资源16.PreservingEarth’sBiologicalDiversity保护地球的生物多样性17.LandResourcesandConservation土地资源与保护18.FoodResources:AChallengeforAgriculture粮食资源:农业的挑战Part6,EnvironmentalConcerns环境关注点,reviewtheeffectsoflocal,regional,andglobalpollution.Wediscusstheproblemsassociatedwithairpollution,aciddeposition,globalclimatechange,stratosphericozonedestruction,waterandsoilpollution,pesticidepollution,andsoilandhazardouswastes.19.AirPollution空气污染20.RegionalandGlobalAtmosphericChanges地区与全球大气变化21.WaterandSoilPollution水与土壤污染22.ThePesticideDilemma杀虫剂困惑23.SolidandHazardousWastes固体危险废料Part7,Tomorrow’sWorld明日世界,concludesbookwithasinglechapterthatpresentstheopinionsofauthorsonsocialresponsibilities,identifyingsomeofthemostcriticalissuesthatmustbegrappledwithtodaytoassureabettertomorrow.24.Tomorrow’sWorld明日世界关键词：生态、大气、水、土壤、能源、全球变化、生物多样性环境的定义环境(environment)是指某一特定生物体或生物群体以外的空间，以及直接或间接影响该生物体或生物群体生存的一切事物的总和。环境总是针对某一特定主体或中心而言的，是一个相对的概念，离开了这个主体或中心也就无所谓环境，因此环境只具有相对的意义。在生物科学中，环境是指生物的栖息地，以及直接或间接影响生物生存和发展的各种因素。在环境科学中，人类是主体，环境是指围绕着人群的空间以及其中可以直接或间接影响人类生活和发展的各种因素的总体。环境有大小之别，大到整个宇宙，小至基本粒子。例如，对太阳系中的地球而言，整个太阳系就是地球生存和运动的环境；对栖息于地球表面的动植物而言，整个地球表面就是它们生存和发展的环境；对某个具体生物群落来讲，环境是指所在地段上影响该群落发生发展的全部无机因素(光、热、水、土壤、大气、地形等)和有机因素(动物、植物、微生物及人类)的总和。总之，环境这个概念既是具体的，又是相对的。讨论环境时，要包含着特定的主体，离开了主体的环境是没有内容的，同时也是毫无意义的。主体的不同或不明确，往往是造成对环境分类及环境因素分类不同的一个重要原因。环境的类型•环境是一个非常复杂的体系，