第二部分-大气污染

••••3.1.13.1.23.1.33.1.43.1.1ØØØ2.ØØØØØØØØØ:Ø:ØØ3.:v,,,,3.vvv(O3)(peroxyacetylnitrates,PAN)NO2NO2+UVNO2NO2NO+OO+O2O3O3+NONO2+O2O3O3+HCNOHCNO2HC+O2+NO2+UVO3++PAN+O3PAN**vØØØ4.4.••••••4.vvvpH3.1.21.COCO10-6510308h408h1201hCO—Hb10%2502hCO—Hb=40%5002h300030minNO2NO210-615101510min501min803min1001503060min250Figure1.IndividualResponsetoOzoneExposure(afterKulle,etal,Am.Rev.)-50510152025300.10.150.20.25OzoneConcentration(ppm)%ReductioninFEV11952122.SourceSpringer-VerlagandProf.D.C.MacLeanh0.10.11.0101001000NO2ppmNO2mg/m3d3.196319649SourceAirandWasteManagementAssociationMeanSO2concentrationppmWeightlossper100gpanelg4.vØTSPØSO2ØNONO2Ø3.1.3199920022002TSPconcentrationsinselectedcitiesinvariousyearsfrom1990to1995andnationalGNPpercapitaShanghaiBeijingKualaLumpurBangkokManilaBombayJakartaSingaporeTokyoHongKongTaipeiSeoulAnnualTSPconcentration(g/m3)1.1980-19952.GDP3.1)2)ØØØØ3)4.1)ØGNP0.5%11%2Ø0.7%0.81.52)“”ØØØØØ3.1.4vvvvv3.v19879522198861v199582915v2000v1995829vvvvvvvvvvv2000vvvvv5.1.GB309519962.GB1629719963.GWPB319994.GB491519965.GB907819966.GB1617119967.GB1322319968.GB14554939.GWPB1199910.GB14761.29311.GB14761.59312.GB14761.69313.GB14761.79314.GB146219315.GWPB5200016.GB54689117.GB116428918.GB/T147629319.GB/T147639320.GB113408921.GB/T38459322.GB/T38469323.GB38478324.GB/T54669325.GB/T14622933.AmbientairqualitystandardGB30951996(GB309582)1996-01-181996-10-01vmg/m3TSPmg/m3PM10mg/m3mg/m3mg/m3mg/m3g/m3g/m3g/m3g/(dm2?()3.23.2.1OzonelayerØ10kmØ3/4Ø100m0.650CØØ12km50100mØ50~55kmØ35~40km-550CØØØØ85kmØØØ800kmØØØØØ••8085km11.5m2mb1atm101326Pa1013.26mb=760mmHg3ØØØØØ416210min(km/h)F012302.3Fu≈5:108:2500m25005000m5000m60~950500003.2.2Ø••••Tzg∂=-∂ggggdg000Tzg∂=-∂ggggdg000•1.•••or•••3.2.3•Ø*0lnuZukZ=Ø11()mZuuZ=13•3.33.3.13.3.23.3.33.3.43.3.53.3.63.3.1a-b-c-11100%NiiiNiiinggn===⇒=∑∑111iiiiiiNiiinGgn=====∑∑∑•dpdp+dp••dp0100%mfmΔ=×()ppfpdd=Δ0()()()pdpppFdpddd=∫••–––2ppp2()1()exp[]22p-=-ddpdssp2pppp20()1()exp[]d22p-=-∫dddFddss2pp1/2()[]1-=-∑iinddNs••••pLpΣ==ΣΣiiiiinddfdn2p1/221/2Sp[]()Σ==ΣΣiiiiinddfdn1/3331/3v()ipiipiinddfdn⎛⎞==⎜⎟⎜⎟⎝⎠∑∑∑33ppSV22ppΣΣ==ΣΣiiiiiiiindfddndfd————bp(1)=-rer•5•••23VSV6(cm/cm)==SSVd2mppSV6(cm/g)==SSVdrr23bVSV(1)6(1)(1)(cm/cm)--==-=SSSVdeee6••••7•••••8•••••9–––1/10–•10–m–•200oC—•100oC•–1041010m•11•:••••••12•–––13.•–••–3.3.2•–––1••••LWHQ••t•abc0vsu0/LWHtLvQ==sscs0=⋅==uLuLWHhutvQcssc0()===ihuLuLWhHHvHQhc1.0()=≥ihHh•stokes100%dminc=hH2pps18=dgurm2pp18=dgLWHHQrmminp18⇒=QdgWLmr•–––•0.32.0m/s•–––50100Pa–•–––2•–––1020µm–1001000Pa••ØØØØØØØØ–FCmvt2/r–FDAvr•FCFD•FCFD•FC=FD50%50%•à••••3.3.3•dp5m••••–––••••••nnnn•––••––•––•–μ–μ–••••••t=0,=0iiiidmqEAdtwmw=-3(1exp())3iiiiqEdtdmpmwpm=--•i•–:••••2111exp()iiiiCACQhw=-=--•••––•1010cm1•1010cm11010cm•••––cm–10101011cm–1011cm•–––•–•–•SLog10resistivity,?cm3.3.4••0.120m•0.21.5kPa10m9095%2.59.0kPa99.5•–––––•/m·s-1/l·m-3/Pa/m0.12231005003.00.5123100025001.015450.51.5120015001.0300750r/min0.7250015000.21020105001500.260900.31.5300080000.1••••••––––•––•••––50180m/s––•h0.1μm•h•••••3.3.5••Ø•Ø•Ø•••99%•••••••nn••••fpPPPΔ=Δ+ΔfPΔpPΔPxKmnΔ=mAtCn=⋅⋅⋅22PPPcCtPRCtKmnnrΔ==§§§§§••••3.3.6•1•2/m/05510102010444458.67.52243809065.3123357829184.240799299.510094.572969810010097.09094.59799.510099.59999.510010010099.799.51001001001003.••6••100100250250450150270260220500•–…•–•••••3.43.4.13.4.23.4.3SO23.4.4NOX3.4.5VOC3.4.1HCVOCversatileorganiccarbon)3.4.21•••2•––••3•——•4••–––••••–SO2NOx–VOCs–3.4.3SO21•SO2•SO2•22S+OSO→322421CaCO+SO+OCaSO+CO2→↑•–•100–•–SO2••:••:•2•1.•10%40-60%•••••59%23%14%•2.–•CO2•–•••3.–H2S–31.•••50%•2.••(1),NOX1/3-1/4,(2),97-98%95-99%(3)(4)NOX•–CaCO3CaCO3•MgCO3–––CaSO4CaCO3CaOCaSO432224CaCOCaOCO1CaOSOOCaSO2──→+++──→4•SO210-410-3•SO2•,80%•OHCaSOOHSOCaOCOOHCaSOSOCaCO232222323222+─→─++↑+─→─++•:•//:••••••/:•;•;•()CaCO3335CaSO3.2H2O5873CaSO4.2H2O911Ca(OH)2-11/•––Ca(OH)2CaCO3–CaSO3,CaSO4•–PH(,)–(,)–()–(SO42-)/•/–:,:•::PH:•(K,Na)SO2•,.•:Na2CO3,Na0.05mol/molSO2Na2CO3232232323222COSOHOHSOCOHCOSOHSOCO----++──→+↑+──→+↑2232232OHSOSOHOOHSOHSO----+──→++──→223332223232()22()()222()CaOHHSOSOCaSOHOsCaOHSOHOOHCaSOHOs----+──→+⋅++──→+⋅•,•:•,Ca/S=1.5,80%:ESP:SO2SO2()22)(OHCaOHCaO⇔+3222SOHOHSO⇔+OHCaSOSOHOHCa233222)(+⇔+)()(33CaSOCaSO⇔)(21)(423CaSOOCaSO⇔+)()(44CaSOCaSO⇔Ca/S1.52.0,:64-79%CaSO3.2H2O14-24%CaSO4.2H2O2.1-4%Ca(OH)21.2-5%5%,•80;•Ca/S260%;••ESP•,900~1250CaCO3→CaO+CO2↑CaO+SO2+O2→CaSO4CaO+SO3→CaSO4•,,CaOCa(OH)2,SO2CaO+H2O→Ca(OH)2Ca(OH)2+SO2+H2O+1/2O2→CaSO4+H2O•–––––––––––•–––SO2–SO25.SO2–SO2240––1–223322412SOOSOSOHOHSO──→+←──+──→223SO1/2OSOVanadium+────→3224SOHOHSO+→•SO2•–––•––2222421(1)2SOOnHOHSOnHO+++→⋅24222222HSOCSOHOCO+→++•SO23.4.4NOXNOX•––•––••–NOX–––NOx•–•–•–•NOX•NOXNONO2NO•NOx()()2222NO2NO11NOONO22──→+←────→+←──NOX•NOx–1.•NOx•COHCNOx•2.–27oC315oCNO3NOx•3.–NOxNOx•4.–NOx–COHCNOx•–1.NOx•OFA•NOx•2.NOx––COHCNOx•3./NOx––NOx•––NOx–NOx•1.SCR––––322232224NH4NOO4N6HO8NH6NO7N12HO++→++→[phone]NH5O4NO6HO4NH3O2N6HO+→++→+SCRSCR•2.SNCR–––3222222224NH6NO5N6HOCO(NH)2NO0.5O2NCO2HO+→+++→++•3.–•NONOx•NO/NO212322222223322223222242NO2MOHMNOMNOHONONO2MOH2MNOHO2NONaCONaNONaNOCONONONaCO2NaNOCOMK,Na,Ca,Mg,(NH)++++++→+++