芬兰的环境相关法令

芬蘭的環境相關法令(119/2001)ActontheFinancingofSustainableForestryDecreeontheFinancingofSustainableForestryEnvironmentalProtectionActForestAct1996ForestDecreeForestManagementAssociationActForestManagementAssociationDecreeNatureConservationAct(1096/1996)WasteAct(1072/1993)WasteOilChargeAct(894/1986)N:o86/2000IssuedinHelsinki,February4,2000ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONACTBydecisionofParliamentthefollowingisenacted:Chapter1GeneralprovisionsSection1ObjectiveoftheActTheobjectiveofthisActis:1)topreventthepollutionoftheenvironmentandtorepairandreducedamagecausedbypollution;2)tosafeguardahealthy,pleasantecologicallydiverseandsustainableenvironment;3)topreventthegenerationandtheharmfuleffectsofwaste;4)toimproveandintegrateassessmentoftheimpactofactivitiesthatpollutetheenvironment;5)toimprovecitizens'opportunitiestoinfluencedecisionsconcerningtheenvironment;6)topromotesustainableuseofnaturalresources;and7)tocombatclimatechangeandotherwisesupportsustainabledevelopment.Section2ScopeofapplicationThisActappliestoallactivitiesthatleadormayleadtoenvironmentalpollutionaslaiddownbelow.ThisActalsoappliestoactivitiesthatgeneratewaste,andtotherecoveryanddisposalofwaste.ThisActdoesnotapplytoactivitiesprescribeduponintheActonthePreventionofPollutionFromShips(300/1979)norintheActontheProtectionoftheSea(1415/1994).NordoesthisActapplytopreventionoftheharmfuleffectsofradiationinsofarasitisprescribeduponintheNuclearEnergyAct(990/1987)ortheRadiationAct(592/1991),nortopreventionofpollutionofbodiesofwateraslaiddownintheAgreementonFrontierRivers(SopS54/1971)betweenFinlandandSweden.ExceptionstotheapplicationofthisActmaybelaiddownbydecreeifsorequiredbynationalsecurity,emergencysupplyorthespecialnatureoftheDefenceForces'activities.TheprovisionsofinternationalagreementsontheprotectionoftheseasthatarebindingonFinlandshallbeobservedwhenthisActisapplied.Inaddition,whatislaiddownelsewhereinthelawshallbeobservedpertainingtopreventionofenvironmentalpollution.Section3Definitions2InthisAct:1)environmentalpollutionreferstosuchemissionordepositofasubstance,energy,noise,vibration,radiation,light,heatorodourcausedbyhumanactivityintheenvironmentthateitheraloneortogetherwithotheremissions:a)causesharmtohealth;b)causesharmtonatureanditsfunctioning;c)preventsormateriallyhinderstheuseofnaturalresources;d)decreasesthegeneralamenityoftheenvironmentordegeneratesspecialculturalvalues;e)reducestheenvironment'ssuitabilityforgeneralrecreationpurposes;f)damagesorharmspropertyoritsuse;org)constitutesacomparableviolationofthepublicorprivategood.2)activitythatposesathreatofenvironmentalpollutionreferstothefoundingoruseofaninstallation,theuseofanareaorthearrangementofactivitiesinsuchawayasmayresultinenvironmentalpollution;3)harmtohealthreferstoillnessesdiagnosedinpeople,otherdisturbancesofhealthorthepresenceofafactororcircumstancethatmayimpairthehealthofthepopulationorthehealthinessofanindividual'slivingenvironment;4)bestavailabletechniquereferstomethodsofproductionandtreatmentthatareasefficientandadvancedaspossibleandtechnologicallyandeconomicallyfeasible,andtomethodsofdesigning,constructing,maintenanceandoperationwithwhichthepollutiveeffectofactivitiescanbepreventedormostefficientlyreduced;5)operatorreferstonaturalandlegalpersonswhoareengagedinactivitiesthatposeariskofpollutionorwhoaredefactoresponsibleforsuchactivities;6)waterbodyreferstowaterareasreferredtoinchapter1,section1,paragraph2,andtoterritorialwatersreferredtoinsection3oftheWaterAct(264/1961);and7)groundwaterreferstowaterinthegroundorinbedrock.Atechniqueistechnologicallyandeconomicallyfeasiblewhenitisgenerallyavailableandmaybeappliedintherelevantfieldatareasonablecost.Moredetailedprovisionsconcerningthefactorstobetakenintoaccountwhendefiningthebestavailabletechniqueshallbelaiddownbydecree.Section4GeneralprinciplesThefollowingprinciplesapplytoactivitiesthatposeariskofpollution:1)harmfulenvironmentalimpactshallbepreventedor,whenitcannotbepreventedcompletely,reducedtoaminimum(principleofpreventingandminimizingharmfulimpact);2)thepropercareandcautionshallbetakentopreventpollutionasentailedbythenatureoftheactivity,andtheprobabilityofpollution,riskofaccidentandopportunitiestopreventaccidentsandlimittheireffectsshallbetakenintoaccount(principleofcautionandcare);3)thebestavailabletechniqueshallbeused(principleofbestavailabletechnique);4)combinationsofvariousmethods,suchasworkmethods,shallbeusedandsuchrawmaterialsandfuelsshallbeselectedasprovideappropriateandcost-efficientmeanstopreventpollution(principleofenvironmentallybestuse).Itisthedutyofpartiesengagedinactivitiesthatposeariskofpollutiontopreventimpactandeliminateorminimizeharmfulenvironmentaleffects(principleof'polluterpays').Section53GeneraldutiesOperatorsmusthavesufficientknowledgeoftheiractivities'environmentalimpactandrisksandofwaystoreduceharmfuleffects(knowledgerequirement).Inaddition,thegeneraldutieslaiddown