跨文化商务沟通笔记

Theessentialelementsofcommunication1.thereshouldbeatleasttwoparts.2.thereshouldbeamessage3.thereshouldbeacontactbetweenthetwoparts4.thereshouldbealanguagethatbothsidesshare.5.thereshouldaplace6.timeforthecommunicationtotakeplace.Message(信息）Sourceofmessageencodecodechannel/mediumdecoderretrieverofmessage（信息源）编码）（密码）（渠道/媒介）（解码）（信息接受者）Attributesofcommunication1.Itisabornneed2.Itisinteractive3.itcanbeeitherconstructiveordestructivetoarelation4.Itcannotbewhitewashedincaseitisperformed.•I.Whatisculture?Thedefinitioncanbeinthree-stephierarchy/thestructureofcultureSpiritual:beliefs,coreofvalue,ethnics,etc.;Custom/social:manners,organizations,techniques,etc,.Material:food,tools,clothing,etc.Ideologicalculture/socialculture/materialcultureFourAspectsofCulture1.It’slearnt,notobtainedfromgenes.Social,family,andregionalfactorsasinput.2.It’ssharedbyagroupofpeople.Locallanguageandculturetobesharedbypeopleinacertaingroup.3.It’ssymbolic.Manycanbeofsymbolsofaculture---language(verbalornon-verbalone),architects,arts,andsoon.4.It’sadaptive.Nocultureisfixedexceptthedead.Whatmayeffectcross-culturalcommunicationWayofobservingverballanguagenon-verballanguage•Kickbacks回扣（而不是：踢回）•Honeycooler讨好女人的男子（而不是：甜饮料）•Dog-eared书页的折角（而不是：狗耳朵）•Sea-elephant海豹（而不是：海象walrus)•Streetwalker妓女（而不是：行人）•Hospitaltrust银行（而不是：友好的信任）•Lover情人（而不是：爱人）•Restroom厕所（而不是：休息室）•Dollarsale全部商品一美圆贱卖（而不是：美圆贱卖）•Greenwash塑造环保形象（而不是：刷绿色）•busboy饭店里的洗碗檫桌子的杂工（而不是：公共汽车上的售票员•busybody≠大忙人，它相当于汉语中的“爱管闲事的人”。•从跨文化角度提出了出口商标翻译的三种方法，即直译法、音译法和音意合璧法•Whotowhom?•Introducethehosttothevisitor/first(groups)•Firstintroduceyoursidetothevisitingside•Thenthevisitingsidewillmakeanintroductionofthemselves•Youngertotheseniorfirst•Lowranktohighrankfirst•Ladyfirst•Ifonthesameposition,thesenioragedfirst•下面介绍一下西方的名片一些小知识，这个也许对我们将来会有帮助的。P.P：即介绍，意思是当你的合作伙伴刘总送给一张名片上左下角写着这个字样的时候，你不用着急，这意思是让你去认识一个人。你要打电话到你要认识的那个人那边去，说：你好我是某某公司的谁谁，是刘总让我打电话给你的。。。。P.F：如果名字左下角写着这样的字样是表示当有什么节日或有什么事时，你的朋友为了敬祝或答谢你，送你的礼物。他在礼物上留了一张名片，并在名片左下角写上P.F。表示敬贺的意思。P.R：表达谨谢。这时当你收到地方的礼物时，想回敬时，也可以在礼物上放上一个名片左下角写上P.R。当对方收到礼物时，看看名片就知道是你的回敬了。N.B意为请注意。当接到这样的名片时，意为请你注意的意思。IndividualismvsCollectivism•Individualismstandsforapreferenceforalooselyknitsocialframeworkinsocietyinwhichindividualsaresupposedtotakecareofthemselvesandtheirimmediatefamiliesonly.•Collectivismstandsforapreferenceforatightlyknitsocialframeworkinwhichindividualscanexpecttheirrelatives,clan,orother-in-grouptolookaftertheminexchangeforunquestioningloyalty.SocialInteractionWhentwoormorethantwopersonsaredoingsomethingtogetherinordertofulfillanaim,asocialsituationexists.Elementsofasocialsituation(atleasttwoparticipants;anaim;asetting;schemaforfulfillingtheaim;verbalornon-verbalcommunication;timeandspace)Itisheardbutitisn’ttakeninthewayitisuttered.Inasocialsituation,allparticipatingsidescanmonitorthecommunicationprocess.Theutterancemeaning/thespeaker’smeaning/thehearer’sm.Howtogivegifts:–Wrappedinapaper,orinaboxorcontainer–Withacardontoporinside–Withareceiptincaseitwillbereturnedbyreceiver–Personalpresentingorbydeliverycompany–MoneyinanenvelopeSocialdistanceisatermreferringtothesimilarityordissimilaritybetweenthetwocultures.•Highcontextculturesemphasizethecontextinwhichacommunicationtakesplace;theypayagreatdealofattentiontoimplicit,nonverbalmessages;•Lowcontextculturesplacelessemphasisonthecontextofcommunication(suchasimpliedmeaningornonverbalmessages);theyrelyonexplicitverbalmessages.•PowerDistanceistheextenttowhichthemembersofasocietyacceptthatpowerininstitutionsandorganizationsisdistributedunequally.•high-power-distance(orlarge/strong):–Peopleinhighpowerdistancesocietiesacceptahierarchicalorder.•low-power-distance(orsmall/lesspowerdistance):–PeopleinlowpowerdistancesocietiesstriveforpowerequalizationanddemandjustificationforpowerinequalitiesAttitudesandbehaviorsLargepowerdistanceSmallpowerdistanceHierarchyHierarchiesreflectthebasicinequalityofpeople.Hierarchiesareonlyconvenientwaysoforganizingactivities.RelationshipsComfortablewithhierarchicalrelationshipsPreferequalrelationshipsPowerAcceptdifferencesinpowerDislikeanddistrustauthorityUseofpowerWhoeverholdspowerisrightandgood.Whoeverusestheirpowerwillbejudgedastowhethertheyuseitintherightway.DependencyThelesspowerfularedependentonthepowerful.InterdependencebetweenlessandmorepowerfulpersonsDecisionmakingDecision-makingtendstobecentralized;theleaderdecides.Decision-makingisdispersedthroughoutorganization.Peopleatalllevelsmakedecisions.AuthorityLeadershipLeadersdirecttheactivitiesofsubordinatesbygivingspecificinstructions.Leadersmotivatetheirsubordinatestoworktowardgoals.Theydonotgiveasmuchspecificdirection.InitiativeOnlytheleaderinitiates.Everyoneisexpectedtoinitiate.CommunicationflowFromthetopoforganizationtothebottomFromthetopdownandfromthelowerlevelstohigherlevelsStatusHighstatuspeopleenjoyprivileges.Peopledisapproveofspecialprivilegesandsymbolsofstatus.HowtochangetheorganizationReplacepeopleatthetop.Reformtheorganization.Elementsinfluencingrefusals•Powerdistance(managervsemployee)•Uncertainty(leaveroomforfurtherthinking)•Faceproblem(sa