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公共部门绩效评估1.IntroductionPDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion§Basicconcepts§Whyperformancemeasurement?§Historyofperformancemeasurement§Useofperformancemeasurement§Performancemeasurementsystem§ProblemsandprospectsforperformancemeasurementPDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion基本概念:performanceØ绩效是结果¡anyrecognizedaccomplishment¡绩效是完成某种任务或达到某个目标¡绩效是工作所达到的结果,是一个人的工作成绩的记录(Bernadin,1995)Ø绩效是行为¡Processormanneroffunctioningoroperating¡绩效是行为,应该与结果区分开,因为结果会受系统因素的影响。¡绩效是人们的实际的表现行为,而且是能观察到的。(Campbell,1990)成功的创新者难以容身过分地强调工作的方法和步骤有时忽视实际的工作成果能及时获得个人活动信息,有助于指导和帮助员工注重过程行为在未形成结果前不会发现不正当行为当出现责任人不能控制的外界因素时,评价失效无法获得个人活动信息,不能进行指导和帮助容易导致短期效益鼓励大家重视产出,容易在组织中营造“结果导向”的文化与氛围员工成就感强注重结果产出缺点优点比较PDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion基本概念:performanceØ绩效所反映出的能力¡一个机构或当局经济地获取资源以及高效率、高效益的利用那些资源实现绩效目标的熟练性(OECD)Ø列举绩效内容给出绩效的概念¡绩效是一个多维的概念,包括效率、成本-效率、服务提供的质量与公正性、政府财政稳定性和政府政策的一致性(Grizzle)¡政府绩效包括经济绩效、社会绩效和政治绩效(臧乃康)Ø组织绩效和个人绩效¡个人绩效¡组织绩效PDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion基本概念:measurement§绩效评估/绩效考核/业绩考核/绩效测量§measurement/evaluation/appraisal/assessment/review§Programevaluation;performancemeasurement§ProgramØaplanorsystemunderwhichactionmaybetakentowardagoal;ØAsystemofservices,opportunities,orprojects,usuallydesignedtomeetasocialneed.ØDefenseprogram:aprogramfordefendingacountryagainstitsenemiesØeducationprogram:aprogramforprovidingeducationØtaxprogram:aprogramforsettingtaxesØworksprogram:aprogramtoprovidejobsonpublicworkspaidforbygovernmentfundsØWorkingparentsrelyonthecenter'safter-schoollatchkeyprogramPDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion§Performanceassessment包括performancemeasurement和programevaluation§Performancemeasurement是programevaluation的一个部分§Performancemeasurement包含programevaluation§绩效测量Ø从绩效测量的不同内容入手给出绩效测量的概念¡绩效测量提供以下信息:资源被转化为产品和服务的效率、产出的质量、结果的质量以及政府的操作在其对项目目标的特定贡献方面的效益。Ø从绩效测量的过程出发¡绩效测量是绩效指标的搜集、报告和解释。这些指标与项目执行得如何相关,特别是与服务和最终到达的结果相关。§项目评估Ø不像绩效评估那样局限于进展情况与标准或目标的比较,而是Ø对有关项目绩效与其背景中更为广泛的信息进行检查¡如阻碍或促进项目成功的环境因素,项目产生的超出预期目标的影响等Ø不是随时进行的,而是为了评估一个项目的进展情况而定期或专门进行的、单独的系统性研究。§绩效测量可以作为一种管理的预警系统,而项目评价则可以通过对项目的作用进行全面评估,帮助组织找到改善项目结果的调整措施。PDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion§Performancemeasurementistheprocessofdefining,monitoring,andusingobjectiveandquantitativeindicatorsofvariousaspectsoftheperformanceofpublicprogramsoragenciesonaregularbasis.§Differentkindsofperformancemeasuresaredefinedtotrackparticulardimensionsofperformance,suchaseffectiveness,operatingefficiency,productivity,servicequality,customersatisfaction,andcost-effectiveness.TheodoreH.Poister:MeasuringperformanceinpublicandnonprofitorganizationsPDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion’tmeasureresults,youcan’ttellsuccessfromfailure.ØIfyoucan’tseesuccess,youcan’trewardit.ØIfyoucan’trewardsuccess,you’reprobablyrewardingfailure.ØIfyoucan’tseesuccess,youcan’tlearnfromit.ØIfyoucan’trecognizefailure,youcan’tcorrectit.ØIfyoucandemonstrateresults,youcanwinpublicsupport.ReinventingGovernmentDavidOsborneandTedGaeblerPDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion§Supportsstrategicplanningandgoal-setting§Strengthensaccountability§Enhancesdecision-making§Improvescustomerservice§AssistsgovernmentsindeterminingeffectiveresourceusePDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion……§Challenges:Designandimplement§Themosteffectivemeasurementsystemsaredesignedandimplementednotasstand-alonesystemsbutratherinconjunctionwithothermanagementanddecision-makingprocesses.ØAmeasurementsystemthatsupportsastrategicplanningprocess,forexample,willbeverydifferentfromasystemdesignedtoanalyzeoperatingproblemsandtracktheprogressofqualityimprovementeffortsinthesameagency.§Failuretoclarifythepurposeattheoutsetandtailorthesystemtomeettheinformationneedsofthatpurposecanseverelydamagethechancesofsuccess.PDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion绩效测评的历史§效率阶段(1900-1940):科学管理§结果阶段(1940-1970):PPB§管理阶段(1970-1980):MBO§精简阶段(1980-1992):Ø私有化Ø分权DevolutionofresponsibilitiestolowerlevelsofgovernmentØ对绩效评估的兴趣减弱¡DRIP症状:DataRichbutInformationPoor§重塑政府阶段(1992至今)ØGovernmentPerformanceandResultsActof1993:whichrequiresagenciesthroughoutthefederalgovernmenttoengageinstrategicplanning,goalsetting,andperformancemeasurementonaverysystematicbasis.Ø服务质量、公民满意度§The“how-to”issueofperformancemeasurementhasbeenidentifiedasoneofthethreebigquestionsincontemporarypublicmanagement(Behn,1995).PDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion绩效测评在中国§历史:Ø20世纪80年代初全国范围内推行“目标管理”Ø1990年效能监察Ø1998年行政效能建设Ø一些地方政府开始在政府绩效评估中纳入群众评价政府绩效的内容Ø兰州大学成立第一家民间发起的地方政府绩效评估机构§概况Ø普适性的政府绩效评估Ø具体行业的绩效评估Ø专项绩效项评估PDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion§Thetestofusefulperformancemeasurementsisthatovertimetheyfacilitateactualimprovementinorganizationorprogramperformance.§Inordertobeuseful,ameasurementsystemmustbedesignedtoservethe
本文标题:公共部门绩效评估
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