西方国家政府绩效评估的理念及其启示

()2003118JOURNALOFTSINGHUAUNIVERSITY(PhilosophyandSocialSciences)No.12003Vol.18蔡立辉(中山大学　行政管理研究中心,　广州　510275):当代西方国家所推行的政府绩效评估是指对政府管理过程中投入、产出、中期成果与最终成果所反映的绩效进行评价和划分等级。绩效评估是西方国家在现存政治制度的基本框架内、在政府部分职能和公共服务输出市场化以后所采取的政府治理方式;也是公众表达利益和参与政府管理的重要途径与方法。它反映了政府管理寻求社会公平与民主价值的发展取向,贯穿了公共责任与顾客至上的管理理念。其目的是为了维护现有的基本社会秩序、提高服务质量、改善公共责任机制和增强政府公共部门的号召力与公众的凝聚力。西方国家政府绩效评估措施对我国的政府管理具有较大的借鉴意义。:西方国家;　政府绩效评估;　理念;　启示:D523:A:1000-0062(2003)01-0076-09:2002-09-02:(1965-),,.(IT),,,,,,,20(FrederickW.Taylor)(HenriFayol),,205070(),,192060;,[1];[2],,,,,,,,,,,,2060,(H.G.Friderickson),,;;,[3],;,2070,(JeffreyL.Pressman)(AaronWildavsky),,,,(DonaldF.Kettl),,,,[4][5],,(DavidOsborne)(TedGaebler),[6],(Hood),,[7][8],[9],,,,:,,,,[10],,,,,,:,;,,77,,,,,,;[11],1993(NPR)(FromRedTapeToResultsCreatingAGovernmentThatWorksBetterandCostsLess)1993(GovernmentPerfor-manceandResultsActof1993),,(MBO)(TQM),;,,,;,,,;;,,,,,;,;,1,,,,:,,,,Q(JamesQ.Wilson):(Osborn)(T.Gaebler),;,1993,;,,,,,(deregulation):,;,;,78()1,,;,,,,,;,,,,,,[12],,[13],,;,,,[14];208019939,(SettingCustomerSer-viceStandards)12862(ExecutiveOrder),,[15]:(1);(2);(3);(4);(5);(6),1994:,79,;,,,,:;;,;[16],,,,[17],,(),(,),,,[18],;,[19],;,,;,;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,[20]80()1993(NPR),,:2001;2004;2001;2000;,;2003;2005100%;2003NationalPerformanceReview(NPR),Washington1993()2000(CentralITUnit2000),;,,(HarryP.Hatry),1993,,,,,,,,,,[21],,,,,;;;,,,,,,,,,,,;,;,,,,81,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;[22](Moe,R.C.),;[23],,,,,,,,,,(KathrynE.Newcomer),,,[24],,,,20011211WTO,WTO,:,,;,;,,;;;;,82();,,,,,,,,,,:;;,;;,,,,;,[25];,,,,;,,,,:,,,:[1]H.G.Frederickosn.Socialequityandpublicadmini-stration:ASymposium[J].PublicAdministrationRe-view.1974,(3):51.[2][5]JackRabin,W.BartleyHildrethandGeraldJ.Miller.HandbookofPublicAdministration[M].NewYork:MarcelDekker,1989.21,21.[3]H.G.Frederickson.ClassicsofPublicAdministration[M].HartcourtBraceCollegePublishers.FortWorth:Texas,1997.58.[4]DonaldF.KettlandH.BrintonMilward.TheStateofPublicManagement[M].BaltimoreandLondon:TheJohnsHopkinsUniversityPress,1996.3.[6]Osborne,D.andT.Gaebler.ReinventingGovern-ment:HowtheEntrepreneurialSpiritIsTransformingthePublicSectorFromtheSchoolhousetoStatehouse[M].Mass.:Addison-Wesley.1992.5.[7]HoodChristopher.APublicManagementforallSea-sons?[J].PublicAdministration.1991,(1):92101.[8]OwenE.Hughes.PublicManagementandAdministra-tion(SecondEdition)[M].NewYork:St.Martin'sPress,1998.2.[9]JamesL.Perry.HandbookofPublicAdministration(SecondEdition)[M].SanFrancisco:Jossey-BassInc.,Publishers,1996.23.[10].[M].:,1999.114.[11]JohnJ.Dilulio,GeraldGarveyandDonaldF.Keetl.ImprovingGovernmentPerformance:AnOwner'sManua[M].BaltimoreandLondon:TheBrookingsInstitution,1993.79.[12][15]BillClinton,VicePresidentAlGore.ReportoftheNationalPerformanceReview[M].NewYork:WashingtonDC.1994.5,16.[13]MaxSawicky.What'sNewParadigm?AGuidingTheoryoftheNewRight[J].SocialPolicy,1992,83Winter.[14].[M].:,1996.163.[16]B.GuyPetersandDonaldSavoie.GovernanceinaChangingEnvironment[M].Ottawa:QueensUniver-sityPress,1995.188189.[17]CharlesK.Coe.PerformanceMeasurement:GradingReportCardsandSinglePerformanceMeasurement[C].Paperofthe2001AnnualMeetingoftheAmeri-canPoliticalScience.[18][24]KathrynE.Newcomer.UsingPerformanceManagementtoImprovePublicandNonprofitPro-grams[J].SanFrancisco,California:Jossey-BassInc,1997,(1):7,7.[19]DonaldF.Kettl.PuttingPerformanceMeasurementtoWorkintheFederalGovernment[C].Paperofthe2001AnnualMeetingoftheAmericanPoliticalSci-ence.[20].[J].:.1966,(18):4752.[21]AlGore.ReportoftheNationalPerformanceReview:FromRedTapetoResults:CreatingaGovernmentThatWorksBetterandCostsLess[R].Washington,DC.1993.4464.[22]DonaldF.Kettl.ReinventingGovernment?Apprais-ingtheNationalPerformanceReview[M].BaltimoreandLondon:TheBrookingsInstitution,1994.5.[23]R.C.Moe.TheReinventingGovernmentExercise:MisinterpretingtheProblem,MisjudgingtheConse-quences[J].PublicAdministrationReview,1994,(2):54.[25]RachelSilcock.WhatIsE-government?[J].JournalofComparativePolitics.2001,(1):88101.TheIdeaofPerformanceMeasurementofGovernmentinWesternCountriesandItsRevelationtotheManagementofGovernmentCAILi-hui(CenterforPublicAdministration,ZhongshanUniversity,Guangzhou510275,China)Abstract:PerformanceMeasurementofgovernmentaspromotedbywesterncountriesistoevaluateandgradetheperformancereflectedbyinputs,outputs,intermediateoutcomes,andendoutcomesintheprocessofthegovernment'smanagement.Performancemeasurementisawayofgovernmentmanagementadoptedbywesterncountriesinthebasicframeofexistingpoliticalsystemandafterthemarketizationofpartofgovernmentfunctionandthedeliveryofpublicservice;itisalsoanimportantchannelandmethodforthepublictoexpresstheirinterestandtoparticipateinthemanagementofgovernment.Itreflectsthedevelopmenttrendthatgovernmentmanagementseekssocialfairnessanddemocracyvalue,andcontainsthemanagementideaofpublicaccountabilityandputtingthecustomerfirst.Thepurposeistomaintainthecurrentbasicsocialorder,toimprovethequalityofservice,toimprovethemechanismofpublicac-countabilityandtopromotetherallyingpointofpublicdepartmentofgovernmentandthepub